Dose-Related Heart-Rate, Perceptual, and Decisional Changes in Man following Marihuana Smoking

Schaefer, Carl F.; Gunn, C. G.; Dubowski, Kurt M.

doi:10.2466/pms.1977.44.1.3

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The Norway epidemiological study indicated an association of driving impairment in individuals at or above 2.5 ng/mL THC in blood, and found no impairment at blood THC concentrations at or below 1.9 ng/mL in suspected drugged drivers [20]. This is consistent with earlier findings of a linear, dose-related, physiological response to THC [21]. ''Furthermore, drivers with blood THC concentrations above 3 ng/mL had an increased risk for being judged impaired compared to drivers with lower concentration ranges'' [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Increased cannabinoids concentrations found in specimens from fatal aviation accidents between 1997 and 2006

Canfield¹,

Dubowski²,

Whinnery³

et al. 2010

Forensic Science International

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The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) reported a 1.5-fold increase in the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of street cannabis seizures from 1997 to 2001 versus 2002 to 2006. This study was conducted to compare the changes, over those years, in blood and urine cannabinoid concentrations with the potency of THC reported in the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids were screened using radioimmunoassay (RIA) for blood and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for urine and confirmed using GC/MS. A total of 95 individuals were found to be using cannabis from a total number of 2769 (3.4%) individuals tested over the period 1997 through 2006. Other impairing drugs were found in 38% of the cannabinoids-positive individuals. The mean concentration of THC in blood for 1997-2001 was 2.7 ng/mL; for 2002-2006, it was 7.2 ng/mL, a 2.7-fold increase in the mean THC concentration of specimens from aviation fatalities, compared to a 1.5-fold increase in cannabis potency reported by the NIDA and ONDCP. The mean age for cannabis users was 40 years (range 18-72) for aviation fatalities. For all blood and urine specimens testing negative for cannabinoids from aviation fatalities, the mean age of the individuals was 50 years (range 14-92). More than half of the fatalities tested were 50 years or older, whereas, 80% of the positive cannabis users were under 50. As indicated by these findings, members of the transportation industry, government regulators, and the general public should be made aware of the increased potential for impairment from the use of high-potency cannabis currently available and being used.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Increased cannabinoids concentrations found in specimens from fatal aviation accidents between 1997 and 2006

Canfield¹,

Dubowski²,

Whinnery³

et al. 2010

Forensic Science International

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“…These experiments demonstrated that acute marijuana administration impairs performance, and such impairments may be related to both psychomotor function and increased risky maneuvers/ decision making (Hansteen et al, 1976;Janowsky et al, 1976;Liguori et al, 1998Liguori et al, , 2002Ramaekers et al, 2000). Laboratory studies have revealed acute marijuana effects on behaviors, which may be related to risk taking, such as aggression (Cherek et al, 1993), impulsivity as measured by the ability to inhibit a signaled, rapid response pattern (McDonald et al, 2003), and complex decision making (Schaefer et al, 1977;Curran et al, 2002). These findings lend indirect support to the hypothesis that marijuana may have direct pharmacological effects on risky behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

Lane

Cherek

Tcheremissine

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

149

100

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Previous studies have established a relationship between marijuana use and risky behavior in natural settings. A limited number of laboratory investigations of marijuana effects on human risk taking have been conducted. The present study was designed to examine the acute effects of smoked marijuana on human risk taking, and to identify behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in drug-induced changes in the probability of risky behavior. Using a laboratory measure of risk taking designed to address acute drug effects, 10 adults were administered placebo cigarettes and three doses of active marijuana cigarettes (half placebo and half 1.77%; 1.77%; and 3.58% D 9 -THC) in a within-subject repeated-measures experimental design. The risk-taking task presented subjects with a choice between two response options operationally defined as risky and nonrisky. Data analyses examined cardiovascular and subjective effects, response rates, distribution of choices between the risky and nonrisky option, and first-order transition probabilities of trial-by-trial data. The 3.58% THC dose increased selection of the risky response option, and uniquely shifted response probabilities following both winning and losing outcomes following selection of the risky option. Acute marijuana administration thereby produced measurable changes in risky decision making under laboratory conditions. Consistent with previous risk-taking studies, shifts in trial-by-trial response probabilities at the highest dose suggested a change in sensitivity to both reinforced and losing risky outcomes. Altered sensitivity to consequences may be a mechanism in drug-induced changes in risk taking. Possible neurobiological sites of action related to THC are discussed. Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30, 800-809.

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“…ned prose recall, mood changes and decreased perceptual accuracy (Curran, Brignell, Fletcher, Middleton, and Henry, 2002;D'Souza et al, 2008;Hunault et al, 2009;Martin-Santos et al, 2012;Ramesh, Haney, and Cooper, 2013;Schaefer, Gunn, and Dubowski, 1977). Articles comparing the effects of cannabis in different administration routes (oral vs smoked) conclude that oral administration of pure 9-THC produces lower subjective ratings than smoking whole plant material (Chait and Zacny, 1992;Hart et al, 2002) and does not result in craving and abstinence symptoms (Hart et al, 2002).…”

Section: Studies Comparing Administration Of Pure 9-thc and Whole Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Constituyentes psicoactivos del cannabis y sus implicaciones clínicas: una revisión sistemática

et al. 2018

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Objective This systematic review aims to summarize current evidence on which naturally present cannabinoids contribute to cannabis psychoactivity, considering their reported concentrations and pharmacodynamics in humans.Design Following PRISMA guidelines, papers published before March 2016 in Medline, Scopus-Elsevier, Scopus, ISI-Web of Knowledge and COCHRANE, and fulfilling established a-priori selection criteria have been included. ResultsIn 40 original papers, three naturally present cannabinoids and one human metabolite (11-OH-THC) had clinical relevance.Of these, the metabolite produces the greatest psychoactive effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) is not psychoactive but plays a modulating role on cannabis psychoactive effects. The proportion of 9-THC in plant material is higher (up to 40%) than in other cannabinoids (up to 9%). Pharmacodynamic reports vary due to differences in methodological aspects (doses, administration route and volunteers' previous experience with cannabis). (CBD) no es psicoactivo, pero sí ejerce un efecto modulador sobre los efectos psicoactivos del cannabis. La concentración 9-THC en derivados cannábicos (hasta 40%) supera en gran medida la de otros cannabinoides (hasta 9%). La farmacodinamia descrita varía, dada la heterogeneidad en aspectos clave de la metodología (dosis, rutas de administración y experiencia previa con cannabis de los participantes). ConclusionsConclusiones Los resultados evidencian que el 9-THC es el cannabinoide que más contribuye al efecto psicoactivo del cannabis.Otros cannabinoides psicoactivos contribuirían mínimamente, dada su menor potencia psicoactiva y su baja concentración en los derivados cannábicos. La falta de estándares metodológicos dificulta el avance en los conocimientos sobre los efectos del cannabis en la salud. Establecer una unidad estándar de cannabis basada en 9-THC ayudaría a superar estas limitaciones.

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Dose-Related Heart-Rate, Perceptual, and Decisional Changes in Man following Marihuana Smoking

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Increased cannabinoids concentrations found in specimens from fatal aviation accidents between 1997 and 2006

Increased cannabinoids concentrations found in specimens from fatal aviation accidents between 1997 and 2006

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

Constituyentes psicoactivos del cannabis y sus implicaciones clínicas: una revisión sistemática

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