Dose‐related effects of phenobarbitone on human sleep‐waking patterns.

Karacan, Ismet; Orr, William; Roth, T.; Kramer, Milton; Thornby, John; Bingham, Stephen F.; Kay, David C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01218.x

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In our new sleep disturbance model, it was found that the hypnotic effect of brotizolam was more effective than that measured in the dark phase. It is well known that flunitrazepam and phenobarbital are effective in inducing as well as maintaining sleep (Karacan et al 1981;Viukari et al 1983). In the present study, it was also found that both flunitrazepam and phenobarbital caused a decrease in sleep latency, and the effects of both drugs in rats placed on the grid were more potent than those in rats placed on sawdust.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats

et al. 2004

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats

et al. 2004

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“…The effect is dose-dependent (28). In an open study of seven preterm infants it was found that during PB treatment the active sleep was reduced (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenobarbital Prophylaxis for Hyperbilirubinemia in Preterm Infants

Wallin¹,

Boréus²

1984

Acta Paediatrica

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Phenobarbital (PB) has been used at several pediatric centers for prophylaxis against neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, few attempts have been made to evaluate this procedure quantitatively, and a variety of dose schedules has been proposed. Therefore, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in which the effects on bilirubin disposition and on neonatal behavior was quantitated. Forty-three preterm infants were randomized into one of four dose groups and given 0, 4, 8, or 12 mg of PB per kg in a single dose within the first few hours after birth (mean 2.2 h). The total serum bilirubin disappearance rate was found to be significantly increased (p less than 0.01) only in the 12 mg/kg group. This effect was not evident until postnatal day 7. The 4 and 8 mg/kg groups were not significantly different from the control group at any time. Infant behavior was monitored by a non-invasive time-lapse filming technique. The time spent in quiet sleep was found to be proportional to the plasma PB concentration at one day of age (r = 0.61). The infants in the 12 mg group spent a larger proportion of time in quiet sleep than the other groups (p less than 0.05). The plasma half-lives, plasma clearances and volumes of distribution of PB were similar in the three dose groups. No correlation was found between the pharmacokinetics and the gestational age of the infant. It is concluded that in order to enhance the bilirubin disappearance rate, PB has to be administered in doses that will affect behavior.

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“…These drugs also reduce alpha-frequency activity over the whole cortical area (Connemann et al, 2005) during wakefulness. During sleep, there are the usual EEG signs of reduced awareness with increases in slower activity as in normal drowsiness and sleep, but these PAM drugs increase the amount of spindle activity, and in higher doses reduce delta activity (Brunner et al, 1991;Hindmarch et al, 2005;Karacan et al, 1981).…”

Section: Introduction and Rationalementioning

confidence: 97%

Differences between magnetoencephalographic (MEG) spectral profiles of drugs acting on GABA at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites: A study in healthy volunteers

et al. 2015

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A range of medications target different aspects of the GABA system; understanding their effects is important to inform further drug development. Effects on the waking EEG comparing these mechanisms have not been reported; in this study we compare the effects on resting MEG spectra of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist zolpidem, the delta sub-unit selective agonist gaboxadol (also known as THIP) and the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine. These were two randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies in healthy volunteers, one using zolpidem 10 mg, gaboxadol 15 mg and placebo, and the other tiagabine 15 mg and placebo. Whole head MEG recordings and individual MEG spectra were divided into frequency bands. Baseline spectra were subtracted from each post-intervention spectra and then differences between intervention and placebo compared. After zolpidem there were significant increases in beta frequencies and reduction in alpha frequency power; after gaboxadol and tiagabine there were significant increases in power at all frequencies up to beta. Enhancement of tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic receptors by gaboxadol gives rise to a very different MEG signature from the synaptic action of zolpidem. Tiagabine theoretically can affect both types of receptor; from these MEG results it is likely that the latter is the more prominent effect here.

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Dose‐related effects of phenobarbitone on human sleep‐waking patterns.

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats

Effects of three hypnotics on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in sleep-disturbed rats

Phenobarbital Prophylaxis for Hyperbilirubinemia in Preterm Infants

Differences between magnetoencephalographic (MEG) spectral profiles of drugs acting on GABA at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites: A study in healthy volunteers

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