Dose rate effects in the radiation damage of the plastic scintillators of the CMS hadron endcap calorimeter

Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M.; Tumasyan, A.; Litomin, A.; Mossolov, V.; Shumeiko, N.; Klundert, M. Van De; Haevermaet, H. Van; Mechelen, P. Van; Spilbeeck, A. Van; Alves, G. A.; Júnior, W. L. Aldá; Hensel, C.; Carvalho, W.; Chinellato, J.; Martins, C. De Oliveira; Figueiredo, Diego Matos; Herrera, C. Mora; Nogima, H.; Silva, W.L. Prado Da; Manganote, E. J. Tonelli; Pereira, A. Vilela; Фингер, М.; Jain, Sa.; Khurana, R.; Adamov, G.; Tsamalaidze, Z.; Behrens, U.; Borras, K.; Campbell, A.; Costanza, F.; Gunnellini, P.; Lobanov, A.; Melzer-Pellmann, I.-A.; Muhl, C.; Roland, B.; Sahin, Mehmet Özgür; Saxena, P.; Hegde, V.; Kothekar, K.; Pandey, S.; Sharma, S.; Beri, S. B.; Bhawandeep, B.; Chawla, R.; Kalsi, A. K.; Kaur, A.; Kaur, M.; Walia, G.; Bhattacharya, S.; Ghosh, Shamik; Nandan, S.; Purohit, A.; Sharan, M.; Banerjee, S.; Bhowmik, S.; Chatterjee, S.; Das, P.; Dewanjee, R. K.; Kumar, Sanjeev; Maity, M.; Majumder, G.; Mandakini, P.; Patil, M.; Sarkar, T.; Saikh, A; Sezen, S.; Juodagalvis, A.; Afanasiev, S.; Bunin, P.; Ershov, Y.; Golutvin, I.; Malakhov, A.; Moisenz, P.; Smirnov, V.; Zarubin, A.; Chadeeva, M.; Chistov, R.; Danilov, M.; Popova, E.; Rusinov, V.; Andreev, Yu.; Dermenev, A.; Karneyeu, A.; Krasnikov, N.; Tlisov, D.; Toropin, A.; Epshteyn, V.; Gavrilov, V.; Lychkovskaya, N.; Popov, V.; Pozdnyakov, I.; Safronov, G.; Toms, M.; Zhokin, A.; Flächer, H.; Baskakov, A.; Belyaev, A.; Boos, E.; Dubinin, M.; Dudko, L.; Ershov, A.; Gribushin, A.; Kaminskiy, A.; Klyukhin, V.; Kodolova, O.; Lokhtin, I.; Miagkov, I.; Obraztsov, S.; Petrushanko, Sergey; Savrin, V.; Snigirev, A.; Andreev, V.; Azarkin, M.; Dremin, I.; Kirakosyan, M.; Leonidov, A.; Terkulov, A.; Bitioukov, S.; Elumakhov, D.; Kalinin, A.; Krychkine, V.; Mandrik, P.; Petrov, V.; Ryutin, R.; Sobol, A.; Troshin, S.; Volkov, A.; Adıgüzel, A.; Bakirci, N.; Çerçi, S.; Damarseckin, S.; Demiroglu, Z. S.; Dozen, C.; Dumanoğlu, I.; Eşkut, E.; Girgis, S.; Gökbulut, G.; Güler, Y.; Hoş, I.; Kangal, E. E.; Kara, O.; Topaksu, A. Kayis; Kiminsu, U.; Oglakci, M.; Önengüt, G.; Ozdemir, K.; Ozturk, S.; Polatoz, A.; Cerci, D. Sunar; Tali, B.; Topakli, H.; Turkcapar, S.; Zorbakir, I. S.; Zorbilmez, C.; Bilin, B.; Işıldak, B.; Karapinar, G.; Guler, A. M.; Öcalan, K.; Yalvac, M.; Zeyrek, M.; Gülmez, E.; Kaya, M.; Kaya, O.; Yetkin, E. A.; Yetkin, T.; Cankoçak, K.; Sen, S.; Boyarintsev, A.; Grynyov, B.; Levchuk, L.; Sorokin, P.; Borzou, A.; Call, K.; Dittmann, J.; Hatakeyama, K.; Liu, H.; Pastika, N.; Charaf, O.; Cooper, S. I.; Henderson, C.; Rumerio, P.; West, C.; Arcaro, D.; Gastler, D.; Hazen, E.; Rohlf, J.; Sulak, L.; Wu, S.; Zou, D.; Hakala, J.; Heintz, U.; Kwok, K. H. M.; Laird, E.; Landsberg, G.; Mao, Z.; Gary, J. W.; Shirazi, S.M. Ghiasi; Lacroix, F.; Long, O. R.; Wei, H.; Bhandari, R.; Heller, R.; Stuart, D.; Yoo, J.; Apresyan, A.; Chen, Y.; Duarte, J.; Spiropulu, M.; Winn, D.; Abdullin, S.; Chlebana, F.; Freeman, J.; Green, D.; Hare, D.; Hirschauer, J.; Joshi, U.; Lincoln, D.; Łoś, S.; Pedro, K.; Spalding, W. J.; Strobbe, N.; Tkaczyk, S.; Whitbeck, A.; Linn, S.; Markowitz, P.; Martı́nez, G.; Bertoldi, M.; Hagopian, S.; Hagopian, V.; Kolberg, T.; Baarmand, M. M.; Noonan, D.; Roy, T.; Yumiceva, F.; Bilki, B.; Clarida, W.; Debbins, P.; Dilsiz, K.; Durgut, S.; Gandrajula, R. P.; Haytmyradov, M.; Khristenko, V.; Merlo, J.-P.; Mermerkaya, H.; Mestvirishvili, A.; Miller, M.; Moeller, A.; Nachtman, J.; Oğul, H.; Onel, Y.; Özok, F.; Penzo, A.; Schmidt, Iván; Snyder, C.; Southwick, D.L.; Tiras, E.; Yi, K.; Al-bataineh, A.; Bowen, J.; Castle, J.; Mcbrayer, W.; Murray, M.; Wang, Q.; Kaadze, K.; Maravin, Y.; Mohammadi, A.; Saini, L. K.; Baden, A.; Belloni, A.; Eno, S. C.; Ferraioli, C.; Grassi, T.; Hadley, N. J.; Jeng, G. Y.; Kellogg, R. G.; Kunkle, J.; Mignerey, A. C.; Ricci-Tam, F.; Shin, Y. H.; Skuja, A.; Tonjes, M. B.; Yang, Z.; Apyan, A.; Bierwagen, K.; Brandt, S.; Klute, M.; Niu, X.; Chatterjee, R. M.; Evans, A.; Frahm, Ellery; Kubota, Y.; Lesko, Z.; Mans, J.; Ruckstuhl, N.; Heering, A.; Karmgard, D. J.; Musienko, Y.; Ruchti, R.; Wayne, M.; Benaglia, A.; Medvedeva, T.; Mei, K.; Tully, C.; Bodek, A.; Barbaro, P. de; Galanti, M.; García-Bellido, A.; Khukhunaishvili, A.; Lo, Kin Ho; Vishnevskiy, D.; Zieliński, Marcin; Agapitos, A.; Chou, J. P.; Hughes, E.; Saka, H.; Sheffield, D.; Akchurin, N.; Damgov, J.; Guio, F. De; Dudero, P. R.; Faulkner, J.; Gurpinar, E.; Kunori, S.; Lamichhane, K.; Lee, S.W.; Libeiro, T.; Undleeb, S.; Volobouev, I.; Wang, Z.; Goadhouse, S.; Hirosky, R.; Wang, Y.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/10/t10004

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In plastic scintillators, exposure to radiation can cause breaks and cross-linking of the polymer chains that make up the material, also giving rise to color centers which absorb scintillation light and ultimately reduce the light output of the material [10]. The effect of radiation damage for different dose rates on plastic scintillators without PSD capability is also discussed in [11]. Our experimental findings highly correlate previous literature, although dose-dependent radiation damage has not been previously compared between Stilbene, PSD capable plastic, and PSD capable glass scintillators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Pulse Shape Discrimination Capable Organic Scintillators for Space Applications

Pinilla-Orjuela¹,

Mesick²,

Bloser³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Scintillators with pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) capability are of great interest to many fields in the scientific community. The ability to discern a gamma ray from a neutron using PSD varies between different types of scintillator materials and dopants. A new generation of organic scintillator materials with PSD capability were studied to determine their radiation hardness to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The PSD capability, average pulse shapes, and light output of four types of organic scintillator were characterized before and after neutron and gamma-ray irradiation. The main goal of this investigation is to study the effects of long-term irradiation that may be experienced in space applications on the light output and particle discriminating capabilities of each material. EJ-270, EJ-276, organic glass, and Stilbene were tested. Damage due to non-ionizing (neutron) radiation was not observed in any of the scintillators up to 2.56 × 10 11 n/cm 2 , except for Stilbene which showed a small (12%) decrease in light output. All scintillators presented some light output reduction after ionizing (gamma-ray) irradiation, with reductions of 17% (EJ-276 and OGS), 32% (EJ-270), and

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Pulse Shape Discrimination Capable Organic Scintillators for Space Applications

Pinilla-Orjuela¹,

Mesick²,

Bloser³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…For a comprehensive review of plastic scintillators, see Ref. [6] Several studies of the R dependence of radiation damage in plastic scintillators have been published [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. However, previous measurements of R effects in scintillators without wavelength-shifting fibers were limited to high Rs and were unable to differentiate different potential causes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose rate effects in radiation-induced changes to phenyl-based polymeric scintillators

Papageorgakis¹,

Al-Sheikhly²,

Belloni³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Results on the effects of ionizing radiation on the signal produced by plastic scintillating rods manufactured by Eljen Technology company are presented for various matrix materials, dopant concentrations, fluors , anti-oxidant concentrations, scintillator thickness, doses, and dose rates. The light output before and after irradiation is measured using an alpha source and a photomultiplier tube, and the light transmission by a spectrophotometer. Assuming an exponential decrease in the light output with dose, the change in light output is quantified using the exponential dose constant D. The D values are similar for primary and secondary doping concentrations of 1 and 2 times, and for antioxidant concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 times, the default manufacturer's concentration. The D value depends approximately linearly on the logarithm of the dose rate for dose rates between 2.2 Gy/hr and 70 Gy/hr for all materials. For EJ-200 polyvinyltoluene-based (PVT) scintillator, the dose constant is approximately linear in the logarithm of the dose rate up to 3400 Gy/hr, while for polystyrene-based (PS) scintillator or for both materials with EJ-260 fluors, it remains constant or decreases (depending on doping concentration) above about 100 Gy/hr. The results from rods of varying thickness and from the different fluors suggest damage to the initial light output is a larger effect than color center formation for scintillator thickness ≤ 1 cm. For the blue scintillator (EJ-200), the transmission measurements indicate damage to the fluors. We also find that while PVT is more resistant to radiation damage than PS at dose rates higher than about 100 Gy/hr for EJ-200 fluors, they show similar

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“…There have been a few experimental works addressing the effects of high-energy Xor γ-rays radiation on scintillation performance for both inorganic scintillators 9−11 and organic scintillators. 12 theoretical modeling of radiation effects on scintillators in general has been very limited. Further, more insight is needed into how to mitigate the effects of radiation-induced defects on performance in order to design improved scintillating materials.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, to overcome the effect of deleterious defects, novel design mitigation strategies are needed to identify and design more resilient materials. There have been a few experimental works addressing the effects of high-energy X- or γ-rays radiation on scintillation performance for both inorganic scintillators − and organic scintillators . However, theoretical modeling of radiation effects on scintillators in general has been very limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Band-Edge Engineering To Eliminate Radiation-Induced Defect States in Perovskite Scintillators

Pilania

Talapatra

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Under radiative environments such as extended hard Xor γ-rays, degradation of scintillation performance is often due to irradiation-induced defects. To overcome the effect of deleterious defects, novel design mitigation strategies are needed to identify and design more resilient materials. The potential for band-edge engineering to eliminate the effect of radiation-induced defect states in rare-earthdoped perovskite scintillators is explored, taking Ce 3+ -doped LuAlO 3 as a model material system, using density functional theory (DFT)-based DFT + U and hybrid Heyd−Scuseria−Ernzerhof (HSE) calculations. From spin-polarized hybrid HSE calculations, the Ce 3+ activator ground-state 4f position is determined to be 2.81 eV above the valence band maximum in LuAlO 3 . Except for the oxygen vacancies which have a deep level inside the band gap, all other radiation-induced defects in LuAlO 3 have shallow defect states or are outside the band gap, that is, relatively far away from either the 5d 1 or the 4f Ce 3+ levels. Finally, we examine the role of Ga doping at the Al site and found that LuGaO 3 has a band gap that is more than 2 eV smaller than that of LuAlO 3 . Specifically, the lowered conduction band edge envelopes the defect gap states, eliminating their potential impact on scintillation performance and providing direct theoretical evidence for how band-edge engineering could be applied to rare-earth-doped perovskite scintillators.

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Dose rate effects in the radiation damage of the plastic scintillators of the CMS hadron endcap calorimeter

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Performance Evaluation of Pulse Shape Discrimination Capable Organic Scintillators for Space Applications

Performance Evaluation of Pulse Shape Discrimination Capable Organic Scintillators for Space Applications

Dose rate effects in radiation-induced changes to phenyl-based polymeric scintillators

Band-Edge Engineering To Eliminate Radiation-Induced Defect States in Perovskite Scintillators

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