Dose determinations for waterborne 2,5,2′,5′-[14C]tetrachlorobiphenyl and related pharmacokinetics in two species of trout (Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis): A mass-balance approach

McKim, James M.; Heath, Ellen M.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90002-9

Cited by 54 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As shown in Table 1, the rates of elimination of the two PCBs are very low, which agrees with previously reported data [15,17]. For slowly elimi- nated compounds it has been proposed [ where F denotes the fish wet weight (g), v, the ventilation volume of water passing over the gills (rnl d-') and E, the extraction efficiency of the chemical from Lvater by the gills [12,13]. Combining Equations 4 and 5 gives…”

Section: Uptake Modelsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…passing over the fish's gills (V,) can also influence the magnitude of the uptake and elimination rate constants [lo-131. For instance, this has been suggested for the bioconcentration of extremely hydrophobic chemicals that likely are extracted very efficiently by the gills [4,11,13]. If the exchange of chemicals between the fish and the water at the gill surface is a partitioning process in which equilibrium is reached almost instantaneously, and if the fish can be described kinetically as a homogeneous compartment, then the uptake and elimination rate constants will be proportional to the volume of water passing over the gills [4,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between aqueous oxygen concentration and uptake and elimination rates during bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish

Opperhuizen

Schrap

1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Oxygen concentrations in ambient water do not influence the uptake and elimination rates of 2,2′,5,5′‐tetra‐ and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′‐hexachlorobiphenyl in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) after aqueous exposure. It is concluded that both the bioconcentration kinetics and bioconcentration factors are independent of the ambient oxygen regime between 2.5 and 8.0 mg/L. Since it can be assumed that the volume of water passing over the gills increases proportionally with decreasing aqueous oxygen concentration, it is concluded that for the bioconcentration of extremely hydrophobic chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, the uptake efficiencies rather than the uptake rate constants are dependent on the aqueous oxygen concentration. The experimental results support the concept that the rate of diffusion of the hydrophobic chemicals inside the fish, and not the ventilation volume of contaminated water passing over the gills, dominates the rates of uptake and elimination.

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Section: Uptake Modelsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between aqueous oxygen concentration and uptake and elimination rates during bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish

Opperhuizen

Schrap

1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Indeed, Neely [42], McKim et al [48], Thomann [49], and Thomann et al [50] have shown that the relationship between ␣ c and a chemical's octanol-water partition coefficient K ow can be quite complicated. [51], McKim and Goeden [52], Mc-Kim and Heath [53], Bradbury et al [54], Opperhuizen and Schrap [55], and Yang et al [47,56]. Such relationships, however, may depend greatly on exposure duration and conditions.…”

Section: Predicting Chemical Uptake From Oxygen Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review and comparison of models for predicting dynamic chemical bioconcentration in fish

Barber

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

106

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Over the past 20 years, a variety of models have been developed to simulate the bioconcentration of hydrophobic organic chemicals by fish. These models differ not only in the processes they address but also in the way a given process is described. Processes described by these models include chemical diffusion through the gill's interlamellar water, epithelium, and lamellar blood plasma; advective chemical transport to and from the gill by ventilation and perfusion, respectively; and internal chemical deposition by thermodynamic partitioning to lipid and other organic phases. This article reviews the construction and associated assumptions of 10 of the most widely cited fish bioconcentration models. These models are then compared with respect to their ability to predict observed uptake and elimination rates using a common database for those model parameters that they have in common. Statistical analyses of observed and predicted exchange rates reveal that rates predicted by these models can be calibrated almost equally well to observed data. This fact is independent of how well any given model is able to predict observed exchange rates without calibration. The importance of gill exchange models and how they might by improved are also discussed.

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“…The model did not account for biotransformation, as metabolism is considered to have a minor role in the elimination of PCBs by fish [1,11] and the effect of metabolism in 96 h would be negligible. For example, only 1% of the total dose of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl was recovered in the urine and feces of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to 33.6 pg/kg for 48 h [12]. The rate-limiting barriers to the absorption of xenobiotics across fish gills were recently identified by Hayton and Barron [13] as (a) the aqueous diffusion layer on the surface of the gill membrane, (b) gill membrane permeability, (c) gill blood flow, and (d) gill ventilation rate (water flow across the gill).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE UPTAKE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) BY GOLDEN SHINERS

Karara¹,

McFarland²

1992

Environ Toxicol Chem

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A 96-h, static, nonconstant exposure design was used to assess pharrnacokinetic parameters and to identify the rate-limiting process in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) uptake by golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucus). Fish were exposed individually to I4C-labeled PCBs corresponding to Aroclor 1254 (A1254). After various intervals (2-96 h), fish and water were analyzed for total radioactivity. Uptake of PCBs and decline of the external water concentration were both rapid. A clearance constant-based one-compartment model was used to represent the fish. Model-based equations for PCB concentrations in the fish and in the water were fitted simultaneously to the observed data with the PCNONLINO computer program. The absorption clearance constant was 30.8 m1.h-l .g-' fish, which identified gill blood flow as the uptake rate-controlling process. The model-predicted apparent volume of distribution, V,, and bioconcentration factor, Kb, were 5,280 ml/g fish and 9,059 ml water per gram fish, respectively. The model-predicted elimination rate constant, k,, was 5.84 x h-', corresponding to a t,,? of 4.9 d.

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Dose determinations for waterborne 2,5,2′,5′-[14C]tetrachlorobiphenyl and related pharmacokinetics in two species of trout (Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis): A mass-balance approach

Cited by 54 publications

References 19 publications

Relationships between aqueous oxygen concentration and uptake and elimination rates during bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish

Relationships between aqueous oxygen concentration and uptake and elimination rates during bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish

A review and comparison of models for predicting dynamic chemical bioconcentration in fish

A PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE UPTAKE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) BY GOLDEN SHINERS

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