Dose‐additive inhibition of chinook salmon acetylcholinesterase activity by mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

Scholz, Nathaniel L.; Truelove, Nathan K.; Labenia, Jana S.; Baldwin, David H.; Collier, Tracy K.

doi:10.1897/05-030r1.1

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity results in the buildup of acetylcholine (ACh) at cholinergic nerve endings causing continual nerve stimulation (Scholz et al 2006). Inhibition of AChE activity occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the plasma and muscle of fish (Perkins and Schlenk 2000).…”

Section: Toxicity Of Carbamates and Organophosphatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmon populations are faced with many environmental stressors including intense fishing pressure, parasites and disease, climatic variability and change, land development, hatchery production, hydropower operations, stormwater runoff, and others (NMFS 2010;Spromberg and Scholz 2011). The potential for toxic effects to Pacific salmon from exposure to pesticide mixtures has been the subject of serious debate in recent years (e.g., Scholz et al 2006;Laetz et al 2009;NMFS 2010;Lisker et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest

Moore¹,

Teed

2012

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest are being affected by a variety of environmental stressors including intense fishing pressure, parasites and disease, climatic variability and change, land development, hatchery production, hydropower operations, stormwater runoff, and exposure to toxic contaminants. In recent years, there has been much concern that mixtures of pesticides are causing toxic effects to Pacific salmon. In this study, we compared measured stream water concentrations from 2 monitoring studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest with concentration-response curves derived for inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for mixtures of organophosphate (OPs) and carbamate (CBs) pesticides. In the first monitoring study, samples were collected from 2003 to 2007 in salmonid-bearing waters of 5 urban or agricultural watersheds in Washington State. This study was targeted to areas of high pesticide use and generally involved weekly sampling during the pesticide use season. The second monitoring study was the United States Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment that included samples taken from 2003 to 2010 in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. OPs and CBs were frequently detected in both studies. The available monitoring data collected since 2003, however, demonstrates that mixtures of OPs and CBs in surface waters rarely occur at levels capable of producing significant physiological and behavioral effects in Pacific salmon. The observed mixtures never reached concentrations capable of causing mortality. We conclude that mixtures of organophosphates and carbamates do not pose a significant direct risk to Pacific salmon. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:70-78. ß 2012 SETAC

show abstract

Section: Toxicity Of Carbamates and Organophosphatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest

Moore¹,

Teed

2012

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The widespread contamination of surface waters and sediments, in particular, appears to be a limiting factor for the recovery of some of these threatened wild salmon stocks. Water quality monitoring conducted by the United States Geological Survey (Gilliom et al, 2006) have indicated that many Pacific Northwest surface waters contain pesticide residues, oftentimes in river beds used by salmon for spawning and during the early life stages of the fry (Scholz et al, 2006). Pollutants in water may affect the physiology of fish olfaction, disrupting biologically-relevant signals essential in their behavior that ultimately affect species survival (Klaprat et al, 1992;Moore & Waring, 1996;Scott et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Phase I biotransformation enzymes in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Matsuo

Gallagher

Trute

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Wild stocks of Pacific salmon in the Northwestern United States have declined in recent years, and the major factors contributing to these losses include water pollution and loss of habitat. In salmon, sublethal chemical exposures may impact critical behaviors (such as homing, feeding, predatoravoidance) that are important for species survival. Therefore, understanding the potential for these species to biotransform organic compounds within sensitive target tissues such as liver, gills and olfactory region can help estimate or predict their susceptibility to pollutants. In this study, we used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), Western blotting, and catalytic assays to characterize the expression of Phase I biotransformation enzymes in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), a sensitive species in the Pacific Northwest. Gene expression analysis using Q-PCR assays developed for coho genes revealed the presence of the predominant cytochrome P450 mRNAs (CYP1A, CYP2K1, CYP2M1, CYP3A27) in the olfactory rosettes and provided quantitative mRNA expression levels in coho liver and gills. Q-PCR analysis revealed relatively high expression of the major CYP isoforms in the liver and olfactory rosettes, which was generally confirmed by Western blotting. Extrahepatic CYP expression was generally higher in the olfactory rosettes as compared to the gills. Catalytic studies demonstrated functional CYP1A-dependent ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase, CYP2-dependent pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, CYP2K1-dependent testosterone 16β-hydroxylase, and CYP3A27-dependent testosterone 6β-hydroxylase activities in liver, but not at detectable levels in gills. In contrast, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)-dependent thiourea S-oxidase activity was readily observed in the gills and was substantially higher than that observed in liver. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the olfactory rosettes are important sites of extrahepatic biotransformation in coho salmon, and that tissue specific-differences in Phase I metabolism may lead to contrasting tissue-specific biotransformation capabilities in coho salmon.

show abstract

“…Such effects would be expected to be dose dependent. Scholz et al (2006) The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

Dennis

Tiede

Thompson

2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A systematic literature search identified publications relevant to repeated (94 papers) and mixture exposure (152 papers) of aquatic organisms. Limited data are available on pulsed exposure of pesticides and reports on repeated pulse or fluctuating exposures are even rarer. Although there has been recognition of the need for more realistic testing scenarios these lack a systematic approach. Among the reports on pesticide mixtures most of the plant studies evaluated interactions between mixtures of herbicides or fungicides / algicides. A small number of reports evaluated the effects on invertebrates of mixtures of pesticides with the same mode of action and these showed additive toxicity. More studies in invertebrates assessed interactions between pesticides with different modes of action including herbicide/ insecticide combinations some of which showed toxicity greater than additive. The majority of studies in fish have investigated the toxicity of insecticide mixtures. The toxicity of most combinations was at most additive, with a small number antagonistic. A small number of papers reported mixture effects of pesticides in amphibians; more than additive effects were observed with atrazine combinations. Simple models can be used to determine the additive toxicity of pesticide mixtures based on concentration addition or independent action. More complex models to determine the scale of synergy are species-and dose-dependent and rely on an understanding of the interactions involved. Further work is required to develop a greater understanding of the species, dose and time dependence of exposure to pesticide mixtures in which more complex interactions occur. In the interim, in the majority of cases the increase in toxicity is no greater than 3 fold when compared to additive, the deviation from additivity decreases with the increasing number of components in the mixture, and where no known interactions have been reported this may be an appropriate factor to include in risk assessments. KEY WORDSPulsed, mixtures, pesticides, aquatic organisms, synergism, additive effects DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors 1 Question No EFSA-Q-2011-00786. Repeated and Multiple Stress in Aquatic OrganismsSupporting publications 2012:EN-347 2The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the...

show abstract

Dose‐additive inhibition of chinook salmon acetylcholinesterase activity by mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

Cited by 52 publications

References 41 publications

Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest

Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest

Characterization of Phase I biotransformation enzymes in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About