Dosage and settling time course optimization of Moringa oleifera in municipal wastewater treatment using response surface methodology

Uncertainties in estimating SARS-CoV-2 prevalence by wastewater-based epidemiology

“…The influent of WWTP generally provides the prevalence estimation of the whole catchment area while the samples from sewers support the surveillance to the sub-catchment area, in particular, the pandemic hotspots such as hospitals, isolation facilities and specific surveillance sites of cities or suburban areas. In low-income countries, sewer systems are not well-developed, especially in Africa [68] . One recent study found the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a river in Quito (Ecuador), which was contaminated by the untreated wastewater from households in the city [14] .…”

Snowballing transmission of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) through wastewater: Any sustainable preventive measures to curtail the scourge in low-income countries?

“…The proximity of the pit-latrine sanitation system and groundwater source is very common in many parts of the low-income countries while series of indiscriminate and open defecation close to the surface water has also been reported (Bhallamudi et al, 2019;Back et al, 2018;WHO, 2013). Moreover, the untreated wastewater is often discharged into the environment (Adelodun et al, 2019), which inadvertently could found its way to the groundwater source (Omosa et al, 2012). Since the majority of the population in low-income countries, especially the people in rural and peri-urban communities, largely rely on the surface and groundwater resources to meet their daily water consumption, the potential risk of community spread of COVID-19 disease needs to be taken into consideration.…”

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

“…An estimate of 663 million people is reportedly consuming untreated water obtained from different sources including groundwater and surface water ( WHO and UNICEF, 2015 ). While the current treatment procedures have achieved excellent results in treating physical, chemical and selected microbiological contaminants ( Adelodun et al, 2019 ; Tandukar et al, 2020 ), the removal of human enteric viruses in the wastewater remains unsatisfactory, with less attention giving to virus contaminations in water sources and their health impact ( Gall et al, 2015 ). Moreover, there is no regulatory standard procedures for the treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater at the moment ( Gerba et al, 2018 ; Qiu et al, 2015 ).…”