Dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neural networks and the elaboration of the sweet-substance-induced antinociception

Sweet Solution Analgesia

“…One study revealed a major involvement of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the sweet substanceinduced analgesia as atropine (cholinergic antagonist) diminished sucrose-induced analgesia [76]. Other studies have shown the involvement of noradrenaline, serotonin and their receptors in the central modulation sweet substance-induced analgesia [71,77,78].…”

Descriptive and functional neuroanatomy of locus coeruleus-noradrenaline-containing neurons involvement in bradykinin-induced antinociception on principal sensory trigeminal nucleus

“…In fact, the locus coeruleus is involved in many biological functions (Ryu et al, 1999;Almeida et al, 2004;Kishi et al, 2006), and exerts a key-role in antinociception (Mokha et al, 1985;Freitas et al, 2005;Voisin et al, 2005). The involvement of serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways and reticular formation nuclei in the antinociception is reported by works using many noxious stimulus-based tests, such as the tail-flick and hot plate tests (Sawynok and Reid, 1987;Coimbra et al, 1992;Coimbra and Brandão, 1997;Miyase et al, 2005;Rebouças et al, 2005;Segato et al, 2005;Freitas et al, 2005;Kishi et al, 2006;Coimbra et al, 2006), paw-withdrawal latencies (Tsuruoka and Willis, 1996), formalin test (Sajedianfard et al, 2005), percutaneous electrical foot shock (Hirata and Aston-Jones, 1994) and the electrical stimulation of dental pulp test in rats (Couto et al, 1998;Voisin et al, 2005).…”

“…The involvement of serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways and reticular formation nuclei in the antinociception is reported by works using many noxious stimulus-based tests, such as the tail-flick and hot plate tests (Sawynok and Reid, 1987;Coimbra et al, 1992;Coimbra and Brandão, 1997;Miyase et al, 2005;Rebouças et al, 2005;Segato et al, 2005;Freitas et al, 2005;Kishi et al, 2006;Coimbra et al, 2006), paw-withdrawal latencies (Tsuruoka and Willis, 1996), formalin test (Sajedianfard et al, 2005), percutaneous electrical foot shock (Hirata and Aston-Jones, 1994) and the electrical stimulation of dental pulp test in rats (Couto et al, 1998;Voisin et al, 2005). This last method was used in studies to demonstrate the essential participation of trigeminal nuclei, responsible for the detection of orofacial sensorial innervations originated in the dental pulp and involved in the jaw-opening reflex (Sessle, 1987;Allen et al, 1996).…”

Evaluation of analgesic activity of glucose in Swiss Albino mice

“…However, sucrose is not routinely used for pain. 7,8 Likewise, analgesic effect of glucose has also been studied, but only by limited no. of studies are available.…”