Doppler Echocardiographic Measurements in Normal Chinese Adults (EMINCA): a prospective, nationwide, and multicentre study

Abstract

Normal reference values of Doppler echocardiographic parameters were established for the first time in a nationwide, population-based cohort of healthy Han Chinese adults. Since most of these parameters differed by gender and/or age, reference values specified for gender and age should be recommended in clinical practice.

Adult echocardiographic nomograms: overview, critical review and creation of a software for automatic, fast and easy calculation of normal values

“…For 3D echocardiography, recommendations for chamber volumes quantification have recently become available (3) while guidelines for the 3D evaluation of cardiac valves mainly pertain to be an anatomical and functional assessment (without clear indication on basic quantification methods such as annulus measurements) (65). For strain analysis different methodologies may be employed (tissue Doppler echocardiography, 2D STE and, 3D echocardiography) (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), but a consensus document only exists for STE (and indications for RV and atrial strain analysis are limited) (65).…”

“…Our research highlighted how there was sufficient agreement on criteria of inclusion adopted by latest major studies ( 1 5 -2 3 , 3 8 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 6 3 ) . H y p e r l i p i d e m i a , s y s t e m i c hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, renal failure, liver failure, genetic syndrome, neuro-muscular disorders, abnormal electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic findings, connective tissue disease, and poor image quality have been used as exclusion criteria in the majority of works (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)38,51,52,63). Pregnant or lactating women, athletes, and subjects addicted to alcohol were also excluded by a few authors (15,16,60), and some studies also evaluated smoking (15,21,38,82), anaemia and fever (15,16) as exclusion criteria.…”

“…H y p e r l i p i d e m i a , s y s t e m i c hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, renal failure, liver failure, genetic syndrome, neuro-muscular disorders, abnormal electrocardiographic and/or echocardiographic findings, connective tissue disease, and poor image quality have been used as exclusion criteria in the majority of works (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)38,51,52,63). Pregnant or lactating women, athletes, and subjects addicted to alcohol were also excluded by a few authors (15,16,60), and some studies also evaluated smoking (15,21,38,82), anaemia and fever (15,16) as exclusion criteria. However, in some studies (15,19,38,43,52,54,63,82), inclusion criteria were well defined, in other sufficiently explained (20,21,24,30,50,52,61,67,70,74,76), while in few works the criteria were more generic (23,24,26,…”

“…Almost all studies presented data as mean values (plus or minus standard deviation) normalised by gender, age groups and at times indexed by body surface area (BSA) (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(34)(35)(36)38,50,58,59,61,90,91). A few studies used percentile (35,72,(76)(77)(78)80) and one study employed z scores (41) that are commonly used in the pediatric age group.…”

“…Over the last few years , there has been a crescent call for patients specific rather than generic threshold values , leading multiple authors to publish echocardiographic normative data . In particular, four major multi-center studies (the Normal Reference Range for Echocardiography-NORRE-European, The Japanese Normal Values for Echocardiographic Measurement Project-JAMP, The Echocardiographic Measurements in Normal Chinese Adults-Eminca, and The Normal Echocardiographic Measurements in a Korean population-NORMAL-trials) are currently ongoing and normative data for many 2D and a few 3D parameters have been published (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)52). Contemporary, different centers addressed the need of having normative data for new parameters coming from 3D echocardiography (45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58) and deformation analysis .…”