Doping Games A Game Theoretical Exploration of Doping

Breivik, Gunnar

doi:10.1177/101269029202700303

Cited by 57 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…The online questionnaire consisted of several parts including demographics, doping and nutritional supplement scenarios, preferred competitive situation [based on Breivik (1992) doping scenarios], the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale [PEAS; (Petróczi & Aidman 2009)] questionnaire and questions related to athletes' beliefs about NS and doping, norms regarding NS use and doping and willingness to use substances to change appearance 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Backhouse

Whitaker

Petróczi

2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

136

135

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Nutritional supplement (NS) use is widespread in sport. This study applied an integrated social cognitive approach to examine doping attitudes, beliefs and self-reported doping use behaviour across NS users (n=96) and non-users (n=116). Following ethical approval, 212 competitive athletes (age mean=21.4, s=4.5; 137 males) completed self-reported measures of doping-related social cognitions and behaviours, presented in an online format where completion implied consent. Significantly more NS users (22.9%) reported doping compared with non-users (6.0%; U= 4628.0, p< 0.05). NS users presented significantly more positive attitudes towards doping (U= 3152.0, p<0.05) and expressed a significantly greater belief that doping is effective (U= 3152.0, p<0.05). When presented with the scenario that performance enhancing substances are effective and increase the possibility of winning, NS users were significantly more in favour of competing in situations which allow doping (U= 3504.5, p<0.05). In sum, doping use is three and a half times more prevalent in NS users compared to non-users. This finding is accompanied by significant differences in doping attitudes, norms and beliefs. Thus, this paper offers support for the gateway hypothesis; athletes who engage in legal performance enhancement practices appear to embody an 'at risk' group for transition towards doping. Education should be appropriately targeted.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Backhouse

Whitaker

Petróczi

2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

136

135

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“…Whilst this would be based on the individual's personal motivations, it does potentially appeal to the athlete's sense of morality; when the consequences of one's actions are limited to one's self, individuals may be more willing to take risks. Similarly, Breivik (1992) analysed doping in sport with reference to the prisoner's dilemma. The prisoner's dilemma is basically the idea that in real life situations two individuals, even if it might be in their own interests to do so, may not cooperate.…”

Section: The Organisational Arenamentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Pool of responsibility’: A new approach to doping prevention

Hermann¹

2014

Acta Juridica Hungarica

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Abstract. Doping has been an issue for the greater part of a century. Current anti-doping policies involve punishment and chemical testing aimed at a single individual. Doping scandals show that it is rarely the fault of only an individual athlete, particularly in a team scenario. Coaches, sports scientist and other athletes may all contribute to an athlete's decision to dope. A novel solution has been formulated, a 'pool of responsibility'; the idea that responsibility for doping is borne by all team-members not just the individual athlete. Case studies and examples from organisational and legal literature were used to justify the concept.

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“…But as nobody can trust the other, both end up taking drugs in order to enhance their chances to win (at least in the one-shot consideration without allowing for trust and reputation to build up). In analyzing the strategic interaction between athletes, doping is commonly found to represent a dominant strategy, even though it might not be in the best interest of the athletes (see Breivik, 1992;Haugen, 2004). An extension to this approach is the so-called inspection game, in which the relationship between athletes and organizations in charge for doping tests is modeled (Berentsen, 2002;Kirstein, 2014).…”

Section: A Rational Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economics of Corruption in Sports - The Special Case of Doping

Dimant

Deutscher

2014

SSRN Journal

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Corruption in general and doping in particular are ubiquitous in both amateur and professional sports and have taken the character of a systemic threat. In creating unfair advantages, doping distorts the level playing field in sporting competition. With higher stakes involved, such distortions create negative externalities not only on the individual level (e.g. lasting health damages) but also frictions on the aggregate level (e.g. loss of media interest) and erode the principle of sports.In this paper, we provide a comprehensive literature overview of the individual drivers to dope, the concomitant detrimental effects and respective countermeasures. In explaining the athlete's motivation to use performance enhancing drugs, we enrich the discussion by adapting insights from behavioral economics. These insights help to understand such an athlete's decision beyond a clear-cut rationale but rather as a product of the interaction with the underlying environment. We stress that in order to ensure clean sports and fair competition, more sophisticated measurement methods have to be evolved and the respective data made publicly available in order to facilitate more extensive studies in the future. So far, the lack of data is alarming, especially in the area of elite sports where the stakes are high and doping has a substantial influence.JEL Classification: D73, K42, L83

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Doping Games A Game Theoretical Exploration of Doping

Cited by 57 publications

References 14 publications

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

‘Pool of responsibility’: A new approach to doping prevention

The Economics of Corruption in Sports - The Special Case of Doping

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