Doping effects of Mg and/or Fe ions on congruent LiNbO3 single crystal growth

Zone-levelling Czochralski growth of MgO-doped near-stoichiometric lithium niobate single crystals

“…For a typical CLN wafer, the cutoff wavelength is about 320 nm. With 5 mol% MgO doping, the cutoff wavelength is reduced to about 308 nm [20]. According to Ref.…”

Growth of Fe-doped LiNbO3 single crystal by Bridgman method

“…The absorption band at f 480 nm was attributed to the presence of Fe 2 + ions [7,8]. Comparing the intensities of the absorption bands at 480 nm, it could be noted that the content of Fe 2 + ions at the upper part was slightly more than that of its lower part.…”

Optical absorption spectra of LiNbO3, Fe:LiNbO3, and Zn:Fe:LiNbO3 single crystals grown by Bridgman method

“…Due to the variation of the effective distribution coefficient of Zn 2+ and the suppression of ZnO on the incorporation of Fe with different incorporating concentration of ZnO, the changes of Fe concentration from lower part to upper part when doping 3 mol% ZnO, as list in Table 1, was the biggest among the crystals. It can be noted that, when ZnO was doped, the band at 480nm became obvious, which was attributed to the presence of some Fe 2+ ions [16,17]. By comparing the absorption intensities at 480 nm, it was noticed that the content of Fe 2+ ions was slightly higher at the upper part than that at the lower part in all obtained crystals, indicating that the concentration of Fe 2+ slightly increased along the growing direction of crystal.…”

“…This suggested that Fe 2+ concentration was strongly related to the dopant content of ZnO. The effect of MgO on Fe 2+ ions has been investigated [17]. The results showed that the addition of MgO in LN could slightly decrease Fe 2+ ions concentration during crystal growth in air; however, it could not prevent the increase of Fe 2+ ions concentration during annealing in Ar.…”