Doping control analysis of 121 prohibited substances in equine hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Wong, Jenny K. Y.; Choi, Timmy L.S.; Kwok, Kim; Lei, E.N.Y.; Wan, Terence S.M.

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.043

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…25,26 However, the detection of S22 was reported recently in a human hair sample for the first time. 25,26 However, the detection of S22 was reported recently in a human hair sample for the first time.…”

Section: -Yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-benzonitrile) Is a Member Of A CLmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, SARMs are not known to have been reported in any equine hair samples either in the previously published metabolism studies or related to positive cases, although S4 and S22 were included in the previously published LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodologies. 25,26 However, the detection of S22 was reported recently in a human hair sample for the first time. 27 Although hair is not a conventional matrix in doping control, it can provide additional information on drug administrations, and provide extended detection windows.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration

Cutler¹,

Viljanto²,

Hincks³

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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LGD-4033 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry to provide the therapeutic benefits of anabolic androgenic steroids, without the less desirable side effects.Though not available therapeutically, SARMs are available for purchase online as supplement products. The potential for performance enhancing effects associated with these products makes them a significant concern with regards to doping control in sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolism of LGD-4033 in the horse following oral administration, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. LGD-4033 was orally administered to two Thoroughbred horses and urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. LC-HRMS was used for metabolite identification in urine and plasma. Eight metabolites were detected in urine, five of which were excreted only as phase II conjugates, with the longest detection time being observed for di-and tri-hydroxylated metabolites. The parent compound could only be detected in urine in the conjugated fraction. Seven metabolites were detected in plasma along with the parent compound where mono-hydroxylated metabolites provided the longest duration of detection. Preliminary investigations with hair samples using LC-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of trace amounts of the parent compound and one of the mono-hydroxylated metabolites. In vitro incubation ofLGD-4033 with equine liver microsomes was also performed for comparison, yielding 11 phase I metabolites. All of the metabolites observed in vivo were also observed in vitro.

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Section: -Yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-benzonitrile) Is a Member Of A CLmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration

Cutler¹,

Viljanto²,

Hincks³

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Einen noch längeren Nachweis bestimmter Dopingsubstanzen, insbesondere solcher, die auch im Training verboten sind, können Haarproben ermöglichen. Obwohl hierzu aktuell umfangreiche und vielversprechende Forschungsarbeiten durchgeführt werden, gehören Haarproben derzeit noch nicht zu den Anti-Doping-Proben im Pferdesport [31].…”

Section: Dopingformunclassified

Anti-Doping-Regeln im Pferdesport und pharmakologische Aspekte der regelkonformen Therapie und Fütterung von Sportpferden

Hertzsch

2020

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G

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ZusammenfassungTierärztinnen und Tierärzte erfüllen als Therapeuten und als Turniertierärzte besonders wichtige Aufgaben bei der Verhinderung von Doping im Pferdesport. Dies setzt umfangreiche und genaue Kenntnisse der Regularien voraus. Zu beachten sind sowohl staatliche Gesetze und Verordnungen, wie z. B. das Arzneimittel- und Tierschutzgesetz, als auch die für den jeweiligen Wettkampf anzuwendenden privatrechtlichen Verbandsregularien. Auf therapeutischer Seite steht der Tierarzt darüber hinaus insbesondere vor dem Problem, korrekte und angemessene Karenzzeiten für legitim angewendete Arzneimittel festzulegen. Dabei lassen sich für einen Teil der in der Pferdemedizin angewendeten Substanzen die von den Pferdesportverbänden veröffentlichten Werte nutzen. Stehen diese nicht zur Verfügung, können ersatzweise Karenzzeiten mithilfe pharmakokinetischer Heuristiken abgeschätzt werden, deren Anwendung in diesem Artikel erläutert wird. Darüber hinaus können Tierärzte bei der Beratung zur Sportpferdefütterung auf mögliche dopingrelevante Futtermittelkontaminanten hinweisen und so zur Vermeidung von Fällen unbeabsichtigten Dopings beitragen. In Mitteleuropa ist hier die Vermeidung botanischer Kontaminationen von Raufuttermitteln durch alkaloidhaltige Pflanzen wie Schlafmohn oder Stechapfel besonders bedeutsam. Turniertierärzten obliegt die Aufgabe der korrekten Probennahme bei der Durchführung von Anti-Doping-Kontrollen. Hierbei müssen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen zur Vermeidung einer Kontamination der Proben beachtet und genaue Abläufe zur Sicherung der Probenidentität und Probenqualität eingehalten werden. Dieses Prozedere wird am Beispiel der Regeln der Deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung exemplarisch erläutert.

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“…These methods include GC–MS, LC–MS/MS, and HPLC with radioactivity detection . Many methods have been published to analyze drugs in equine and camel hair using LC–MS/MS and GCMS techniques …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Many methods have been published to analyze drugs in equine and camel hair using LC-MS/MS and GCMS techniques. 12,[24][25][26][27] In addition, various immunoassays (e.g., ELISA and RIA) have also been successfully used for the quantitation of hair cortisol levels in humans [28][29][30] and in animals 17,31 however, we believe that this is the first study to focus on the analysis of glucocorticoid doping in camel hair using competitive ELISA and compares the ELISA results with the more sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of illicit glucocorticoid levels in camel hair using competitive ELISA – Comparison with LC–MS/MS

Ashraf

El‐Gahany

Alraeesi

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Accurate, sensitive, and rapid screening of performance‐enhancing drugs, including glucocorticoids, is critical to combat doping in animal racing sports. Samples of urine, saliva, and serum are usually used for random screening of controlled substances; however, they tend to provide only acute usage and doping information. Hair testing has the potential to detect long‐term drug use in racing animals. In the present study, commercially available ELISA‐kits were used to rapidly screen and analyze various natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in the hair of camels. The four glucocorticoids that were screened using the competitive ELISA were hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, flumethasone, and methylprednisolone. However, comparison of the results obtained using the ELISA method with our previously published LC–MS/MS assay did not show a good correlation. The results obtained with the ELISA analysis of hair samples of 27 different camels showed that this technique consistently yielded significantly higher levels of glucocorticoids compared with the LC–MS/MS assay. This is an interesting finding and suggests that commercially available ELISA tests may overestimate the amount of glucocorticoids present in camel hair, perhaps due to specificity and cross‐reactivity issues.

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Doping control analysis of 121 prohibited substances in equine hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration

Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration

Anti-Doping-Regeln im Pferdesport und pharmakologische Aspekte der regelkonformen Therapie und Fütterung von Sportpferden

Analysis of illicit glucocorticoid levels in camel hair using competitive ELISA – Comparison with LC–MS/MS

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