Doping Carbon Nanomaterials with Heteroatoms

Susi, Toma; Ayala, Paola

doi:10.1002/9781118980989.ch4

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…It is known that the presence of doping atoms such as nitrogen can increase the overall conductance of graphenelike materials [24]. It was therefore investigated if such doping could be achieved by simply changing the gas environment during the scribing process.…”

Section: Understanding Of Scribing Parameters' Effects On Laser-induced Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Process-property correlations in laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical sensing

et al. 2021

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Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising electrode material for electrochemical point-of-care diagnostics. LIG offers a large specific surface area and excellent electron transfer at low-cost in a binder-free and rapid fabrication process that lends itself well to mass production outside of the cleanroom. Various LIG micromorphologies can be generated when altering the energy input parameters, and it was investigated here which impact this has on their electroanalytical characteristics and performance. Energy input is well controlled by the laser power, scribing speed, and laser pulse density. Once the threshold of required energy input is reached a broad spectrum of conditions leads to LIG with micromorphologies ranging from delicate irregular brush structures obtained at fast, high energy input, to smoother and more wall like albeit still porous materials. Only a fraction of these LIG structures provided high conductance which is required for appropriate electroanalytical performance. Here, it was found that low, frequent energy input provided the best electroanalytical material, i.e., low levels of power and speed in combination with high spatial pulse density. For example, the sensitivity for the reduction of K3[Fe(CN)6] was increased almost 2-fold by changing fabrication parameters from 60% power and 100% speed to 1% power and 10% speed. These general findings can be translated to any LIG fabrication process independent of devices used. The simple fabrication process of LIG electrodes, their good electroanalytical performance as demonstrated here with a variety of (bio)analytically relevant molecules including ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, p-nitrophenol, and paracetamol, and possible application to biological samples make them ideal and inexpensive transducers for electrochemical (bio)sensors, with the potential to replace the screen-printed systems currently dominating in on-site sensors used. Graphical abstract

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Section: Understanding Of Scribing Parameters' Effects On Laser-induced Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Process-property correlations in laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical sensing

et al. 2021

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“…167,168 Doping with foreign atoms, e.g. boron (B), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), can generate additional useful chemical reactivity and functionality to carbon nanomaterials 171 of special interest to electrochemical sensing. In particular, nitrogen is an interesting doping candidate because it possesses five valence electrons and is in size similar to carbon and hence can form strong valence bonds with carbon atoms (Figure 11-1).…”

Section: Nanomaterials Based On Carbon and Nitrogen-doped Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors and Lab-on-a-Chip Performances: Recent Progress, Applications, and Future Perspective

et al. 2018

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Electrochemical biosensors and associated lab-on-a-chip devices are the analytical system of choice when rapid and on-site results are needed in medical diagnostics and food safety, for environmental protection, process control, wastewater treatment, and life sciences discovery research among many others. A premier example is the glucose sensor used by diabetic patients. Current research focuses on developing sensors for specific analytes in these application fields and addresses challenges that need to be solved before viable commercial products can be designed. These challenges typically include the lowering of the limit of detection, the integration of sample preparation into the device and hence analysis directly within a sample matrix, finding strategies for long-term in vivo use, etc. Today, functional nanomaterials are synthesized, investigated, and applied in electrochemical biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices to assist in this endeavor. This review answers many questions around the nanomaterials used, their inherent properties and the chemistries they offer that are of interest to the analytical systems, and their roles in analytical applications in the past 5 years (2013−2018), and it gives a quantitative assessment of their positive effects on the analyses. Furthermore, to facilitate an insightful understanding on how functional nanomaterials can be beneficial and effectively implemented into electrochemical biosensor-based lab-on-a-chip devices, seminal studies discussing important fundamental knowledge regarding device fabrication and nanomaterials are comprehensively included here. The review ultimately gives answers to the ultimate question: "Are they really needed or can bulk materials accomplish the same?" Finally, challenges and future directions are also discussed.

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“…8 Doping the structure with heteroatoms, either by introducing a precursor during growth or by postgrowth processing such as ion implantation, is a particularly prominent route of the latter kind for both nanotubes and graphene. 9,10 A commonly used tool for studying heteroatom doping is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, since the core level binding energies it measures are fingerprints of different chemical species. 11 Unfortunately, the very low amount of dopant atoms corresponding to even relatively high concentrations, along with the synthesis byproducts and contamination inevitably present, make it very difficult for macroscopic characterization techniques to conclusively prove the incorporation of dopants into the lattice.…”

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confidence: 99%

Single-atom spectroscopy of phosphorus dopants implanted into graphene

et al. 2017

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One of the keys behind the success of the modern semiconductor technology has been the ion implantation of silicon, which allows its electronic properties to be tailored. For similar purposes, heteroatoms have been introduced into carbon nanomaterials both during growth and using post-growth methods. However, due to the nature of the samples, it has been challenging to determine whether the heteroatoms have been incorporated into the lattice as intended, with direct observations so far being limited

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Doping Carbon Nanomaterials with Heteroatoms

Cited by 8 publications

References 139 publications

Process-property correlations in laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical sensing

Process-property correlations in laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical sensing

Functional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors and Lab-on-a-Chip Performances: Recent Progress, Applications, and Future Perspective

Single-atom spectroscopy of phosphorus dopants implanted into graphene

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