Dopant effect and characterization of polypyrrole-cellulose composites prepared by in situ polymerization process

Abstract

Polypyrrole (PPy)-cellulose composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of pyrrole in pulp suspension using ferric chloride as an oxidant. Some sulfonic compounds including p-toluenesulfonic acid and its sodium salt (PTSA and PTSA-Na), benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and its sodium salt (DBSA and DBSA-Na), 2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) and 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQSA-Na) were used as dopants, and their effect on the conductivity of PPy-cellulose composite was investigated. The results showed that the species and dose of dopants had significant effect on the surface resistivity and environmental stability of PPy-cellulose composite. As the dopant, PTSA and DBSA had a superior doping effect compared to their sodium salts. The doping result of BSA was close to that of PTSA. NSA bearing a naphthalene ring and AQSA-Na bearing an anthraquinone ring gave the best conductivity. Using NSA or AQSA-Na as a dopant, along with suitable polymerization conditions, the PPy-cellulose composite obtained showed a surface resistivity as low as 20 X cm -2 . For most dopants, the lowest surface resistivity could be obtained when the molar ratio of dopant to pyrrole was 1:1. Both ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis confirmed that the PPy on pulp fibers doped with PTSA, PTSA-Na, NSA and AQSANa had different doping levels. The higher doping level of the PPy in the composites doped with NAS and AQSA-Na might be related to the stronger interaction of cellulose with PPy chains. Both SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy) observation revealed the fine grain microstructure of the PPy on the composites with average grain sizes in the range of 100-200 nm, and the PPy on the samples doped with NSA and AQSANa exhibited quite different morphology as compared to those doped with PTSA and its sodium salt.

High capacity and superlong cycle life of Li3VO4/N–C hybrids as anode for high performance Li-ion batteries

“…1(e) is the high resolution spectrum of C1s, which is fitted by three peaks. The strong peak at 284.2 eV corresponds to the CeC bond in sp 2 C [21e23], the peak near 285.4 can ascribe to CeN or C^N [17,24], and the peak near 289.4 eV can be attributed to OeC]O chemical bonds [24,25]. The high resolution spectrum of N1s is shown in Fig.…”

Li3VO4/N-doped graphene with high capacity and excellent cycle stability as anode for lithium ion batteries

“…1(e) is the high resolution spectrum of C1s, which is fitted by three peaks. The strong peak at 284.5 eV corresponds to the CeC bond in graphite-like sp 2 C [13e15], the peak near 285.7 can ascribe to CeN or C^N [16,17], and the peak near 289.7 eV can be attributed to OeC]O chemical bonds [16,18]. The high resolution spectrum of N1s is shown in Fig.…”

Production of highly electro-conductive cellulosic paper via surface coating of carbon nanotube/graphene oxide nanocomposites using nanocrystalline cellulose as a binder

“…In practice, surface coating application provides significant commercial advantages over the wet-end formation process, e.g., high filler retention, low cost and low-risk scale-up (Shen et al 2010). Generally, the fillers used to impart electro-conductivity to cellulosic materials may include carbon black (Enríquez et al 2012), carbon fiber (Jang and Ryu 2006), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Fugetsu et al 2008;Imai et al 2010;Oya and Ogino 2008) and graphene (Shateri-Khalilabad and Yazdanshenas 2013a, b), as well as polypyrrole (Ding et al 2010;Qian et al 2010;Wang et al 2013) and polyaniline (Mao et al 2014;Youssef et al 2012). Among these electro-conductive fillers, CNTs are one of the most promising candidates due to their unique nanostructure and excellent physical properties (BenValid et al 2010;Qi et al 2013).…”