“…Following the entry into the neurons, METH increases intracellular calcium levels, alters the activity of kinases (Kantor and Gnegy, 1998;Khoshbouei et al, 2004;Foster et al, 2006;Goodwin et al, 2009;Xie and Miller, 2009;Lin et al, 2016), phosphatases (Foster et al, 2002(Foster et al, , 2006Elliott and Beveridge, 2005), or TAAR1 activity Miller, 2007, 2009) and stimulates the reverse transport of dopamine (dopamine efflux) through the dopamine transporter. METH-stimulated dopamine efflux leads to a rapid increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the brain (Mantle et al, 1976;Wall et al, 1995;Jones et al, 1999;Khoshbouei et al, 2003;Binda et al, 2005;Kahlig et al, 2005;Sulzer et al, 2005;Fog et al, 2006;Goodwin et al, 2009;Saha et al, 2014;Lin et al, 2016;Sambo et al, 2017;Miller et al, 2021). Additionally, METH interferes with the vesicular storage of dopamine in synaptic vesicles.…”