Dopamine receptor gene expression in human amygdaloid nuclei: Elevated D4 receptor mRNA in major depression

Xiang, Lianbin; Szebeni, Katalin; Szebeni, Attila; Klimek, Violetta; Stockmeier, Craig A.; Karolewicz, Beata; Kalbfleisch, John H.; Ordway, Gregory A.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.009

Cited by 52 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The data from gene expression studies were analyzed with the method for relative quantification RT-PCR as previously described [19] . The C T values of each target gene were normalized by subtraction of the C T value from 18S RNA ( ⌬ C T ) generated from the identical reverse-transcribed mRNA samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stress and Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Catecholamine Receptor Expression Neuropsychobiology 2012;65: [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] 13 specific immune effects are varied. For example, we and others have reported a decrease in the production of Th1 and increase in production of Th2 cytokines, resulting in a decreased IFN ␥ /IL-10 ratio, after medical student exam stress [2,3] .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Acute Stress-Induced Immunomodulation on Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Catecholamine Receptor Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Cells

Xiang¹,

Ben

Rehm³

et al. 2011

Neuropsychobiology

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Aims: There is evidence that psychological stress can modulate immune functions. It has been hypothesized that acute stressors can affect both immune balance (including Th1 and Th2 cytokines) and expression of stress hormone receptors. This study investigated the impact of an acute stressor on gene expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and β₂-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in leukocytes. The effect on T regulatory cells (Treg), regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, Th1 and Th2 cytokines and their receptors IFN-γR and IL-4R was also studied. Method: Fourteen normal volunteers completed an acute laboratory stressor, and blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 6 and 24 h after completion of the tasks. Cytokine production and Treg were determined by flow cytometry. Gene expressions of receptors were analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: IFN-γ was increased immediately and 1 h after stressor (p < 0.05, respectively) and upregulation of IFN-γR mRNA was noted at 2, 6 and 24 h (p < 0.01, respectively). IL-10 was decreased at 2 h (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in post-task IL-4R, Treg, or TGF-β. β2AR mRNA was increased at 2, 6 and 24 h (p < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, no significant alterations were observed in GR expression. Conclusion: An acute stressor increased Th1 cytokine production and its receptor expression. β2AR but not GR was significantly increased after an acute stressor, which supports the hypothesis that catecholamine-mediated signal pathways in communication with the central nervous and immune systems play a fundamental role in acute stress-mediated immune alterations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Acute Stress-Induced Immunomodulation on Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Catecholamine Receptor Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Cells

Xiang¹,

Ben

Rehm³

et al. 2011

Neuropsychobiology

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“…Data from gene expression experiments were analyzed with the method for relative quantification RT-PCR as previous described [16] . The C T values of each target gene were normalized by subtraction of the C T value from 18s RNA ( ⌬ C T ) generated from the identical reverse-transcribed mRNA samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Effects of in vitroStress Hormones on FoxP3, Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Costimulatory Molecule mRNA Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Xiang¹,

Marshall²

2010

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Background: Stress influences immune function through mechanisms including an impact on regulatory elements. We have previously demonstrated that glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines can influence immunomodulation including changes in Th1/Th2 cytokine production. These immunoregulatory imbalances are associated with elevated cortisol in vivo and in the presence of GCs in vitro. Methods: We examined the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and epinephrine (EPI) on the balance of regulatory T cells (Tregs), Th1/Th2 cytokine gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 16 normal subjects after 24-hour and 11-day cultures with tetanus toxoid. We wished to determine whether the immunomodulatory effects of stress hormones involved differences in costimulatory signal pathways including CD28, CTLA-4 (CD152), and CD80/86. Results: Our results revealed that FoxP3 mRNA expression (representing Tregs) was decreased in PBMCs cultured with DEX relative to the control within 24 h (short term). DEX decreased the Th1/Th2 cytokine mRNA balance after 11 days (long term). CD28 and CD80 mRNA were decreased in short-term incubation with DEX whereas the effect of inhibition by DEX on CTLA-4 mRNA was detected only in long-term cultures. Conclusions: These results suggest that the Treg (FoxP3 mRNA) and CD28/CD80 costimulatory signal pathway may be a target of stress hormones in acute stress while the CTLA-4/CD80–86 pathway may be more susceptible in chronic stress.

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“…26 We used quantitative rtPCR to assess transcript levels in tissue homogenates, as described previously; briefly, target genes were normalized to the geometric mean of GAPDH, ACTB and UBC. 28 All qPCR products were single, individual peaks identical to a synthesized oligonucleotide standard incorporating the complementary sequences to each primer set. We used semiquantitative end-point PCR to quantify messenger RNA levels from laser-captured samples, where levels of expression of target genes were normalized with the geometric mean of expression levels of reference genes, as used in qPCR.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression deficits in pontine locus coeruleus astrocytes in men with major depressive disorder

Chandley

Szebeni

et al. 2013

J Psychiatry Neurosci

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IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) has a lifetime prevalence of 16% in the United States.1 Antidepressant drugs are the most used intervention for those with a diagnosis of depressive disorders, but the road to remission is long and uncertain, with 40% of patients never reaching full remission and at least 15% not experiencing any symptomatic improvements.2 Elucidating the biological bases of MDD is likely to provide novel targets for the development of more effective drugs, or at the very least, adjunctive treatments for existing antidepressants that increase the chance of remission.Speculation that norepinephrine plays a role in depressive disorders dates back to the early 1950s, and research since then increasingly supports this. The locus coeruleus (LC) in the pontine brainstem contains the cell bodies of the major source of norepinephrine in the brain and has been the subject of numerous investigations regarding the neuropathology of MDD.3 The human LC is an area with very high densities of radioligand binding of antidepressant drugs to monoamine oxidase, 4 the norepinephrine transporter 5 and the serotonin transporter.6 Numerous postmortem studies demonstrate abnormal neurochemistry of the noradrenergic LC in people with MDD and in people who died by suicide. A role of Background: Norepinephrine and glutamate are among several neurotransmitters implicated in the neuropathology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Glia deficits have also been demonstrated in people with MDD, and glia are critical modulators of central glutamatergic transmission. We studied glia in men with MDD in the region of the brain (locus coeruleus; LC) where noradrenergic neuronal cell bodies reside and receive glutamatergic input. Methods: The expression of 3 glutamate-related genes (SLC1A3, SLC1A2, GLUL) concentrated in glia and a glia gene (GFAP) were measured in postmortem tissues from men with MDD and from paired psychiatrically healthy controls. Initial gene expression analysis of RNA isolated from homogenized tissue (n = 9-10 pairs) containing the LC were followed by detailed analysis of gene expressions in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (n = 6-7 pairs) laser captured from the LC region. We assessed protein changes in GFAP using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting (n = 7-14 pairs). Results: Astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes, demonstrated robust reductions in the expression of SLC1A3 and SLC1A2, whereas GLUL expression was unchanged. GFAP expression was lower in astrocytes, and we confirmed reduced GFAP protein in the LC using immunostaining methods. Limitations: Reduced expression of protein products of SLC1A3 and SLC1A2 could not be confirmed because of insufficient amounts of LC tissue for these assays. Whether gene expression abnormalities were associated with only MDD and not with suicide could not be confirmed because most of the decedents who had MDD died by suicide. Conclusion: Major depressive disorder is associated with unhealthy astrocytes in the noradrenergic LC, characterized here by a reduction in a...

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Dopamine receptor gene expression in human amygdaloid nuclei: Elevated D4 receptor mRNA in major depression

Cited by 52 publications

References 76 publications

Effects of Acute Stress-Induced Immunomodulation on Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Catecholamine Receptor Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Cells

Effects of Acute Stress-Induced Immunomodulation on Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Catecholamine Receptor Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Cells

Immunomodulatory Effects of in vitroStress Hormones on FoxP3, Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Costimulatory Molecule mRNA Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Gene expression deficits in pontine locus coeruleus astrocytes in men with major depressive disorder

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