“…Vertebrate social behaviors are mainly controlled by two evolutionary conserved and interactive neural circuits ( O’Connell and Hofmann, 2011 ): a “social behavior network” composed of midbrain, hypothalamic, and basal forebrain nuclei that is involved in aggressive, reproductive, and communication behaviors ( Newman, 2017 ); and the reward system corresponding to the mesocorticolimbic dopamine network, that allows social behavior to be reinforcing and, thus, adaptive ( O’Connell and Hofmann, 2011 ). Indeed, recent studies demonstrate that dopamine encodes key aspects of social interactions ( Gunaydin et al, 2014 ), that dopaminergic reward prediction errors guide social learning ( Solié et al, 2021 ), and that dopamine has a role in promoting aggressive behavior in mice ( Golden et al, 2019 ; Mahadevia et al, 2021 ). These findings suggest that the dopaminergic system plays an essential role in social interactions by encoding information about valence (rewarding or aversive social situations), and about social positioning to drive relationship-appropriate behaviors.…”