Dopamine in
            <i>Drosophila</i>
            : setting arousal thresholds in a miniature brain

Swinderen, Bruno van; Andretic, Rozi

doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2564

Cited by 115 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…They lack therefore MBs capable of integrating information across sensory modalities and allowing the extraction of sensory-independent regularities as those underlying concepts. Despite their tight association with elemental forms of memory [16,17,73 -75], reinforcement systems [69,71,76] and attention-like processes [63,64], the fly MBs lack the multi-sensoriality that would be required to encode conceptual rules that are valid across distinct sensory modalities. Admittedly, concepts could be established within a single modality.…”

Section: Neurobiological Insights Into Conceptual Learning In Beesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual learning by miniature brains

2013

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Concepts act as a cornerstone of human cognition. Humans and non-human primates learn conceptual relationships such as 'same', 'different', 'larger than', 'better than', among others. In all cases, the relationships have to be encoded by the brain independently of the physical nature of objects linked by the relation. Consequently, concepts are associated with high levels of cognitive sophistication and are not expected in an insect brain. Yet, various works have shown that the miniature brain of honeybees rapidly learns conceptual relationships involving visual stimuli. Concepts such as 'same', 'different', 'above/below of' or 'left/right are well mastered by bees. We review here evidence about concept learning in honeybees and discuss both its potential adaptive advantage and its possible neural substrates. The results reviewed here challenge the traditional view attributing supremacy to larger brains when it comes to the elaboration of concepts and have wide implications for understanding how brains can form conceptual relations.

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Section: Neurobiological Insights Into Conceptual Learning In Beesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual learning by miniature brains

2013

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“…In the simplest conceivable mechanistic model, one single neuromodulatory system might accomplish this task (e.g., a substance whose overall level determines the arousal state). In Drosophila, DA has been shown to be involved the regulation of arousal (Birman, 2005;Van Swinderen and Andretic, 2011). For example, genetic depletion of DA in the brain generally decreases arousal , whereas increased dopamine levels achieved by a mutation in the DA transporter dDAT (Kume et al, 2005;Ueno et al, 2012) or by pharmacological treat- Figure 12.…”

Section: Counteracting Roles For Dopamine and Serotonin In Arousal?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The neuronal mechanisms that determine the dynamics of arousal states are unclear. In particular, the question of whether a unitary factor (e.g., a neuromodulatory substance or a dedicated neuronal circuitry) governs a general, central arousal state, or whether distinct subsystems influence behavior-specific aspects of arousal independently (Pfaff et al, 2008;Jing et al, 2009;Leb-estky et al, 2009;Van Swinderen and Andretic, 2011) remains unanswered as yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identified Serotonin-Releasing Neurons Induce Behavioral Quiescence and Suppress Mating inDrosophila

Pooryasin

Fiala

2015

J. Neurosci.

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Animals show different levels of activity that are reflected in sensory responsiveness and endogenously generated behaviors. Biogenic amines have been determined to be causal factors for these states of arousal. It is well established that, in Drosophila, dopamine and octopamine promote increased arousal. However, little is known about factors that regulate arousal negatively and induce states of quiescence. Moreover, it remains unclear whether global, diffuse modulatory systems comprehensively affecting brain activity determine general states of arousal. Alternatively, individual aminergic neurons might selectively modulate the animals' activity in a distinct behavioral context. Here, we show that artificially activating large populations of serotonin-releasing neurons induces behavioral quiescence and inhibits feeding and mating. We systematically narrowed down a role of serotonin in inhibiting endogenously generated locomotor activity to neurons located in the posterior medial protocerebrum. We identified neurons of this cell cluster that suppress mating, but not feeding behavior. These results suggest that serotonin does not uniformly act as global, negative modulator of general arousal. Rather, distinct serotoninergic neurons can act as inhibitory modulators of specific behaviors.

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“…Acute shutdown of DA neurons, on the other hand, produced hyperactive flies that did not engage in social interactions, making it difficult to ask whether DA served any specific role in aggression. As in other species, dopaminergic neuron systems in fruit flies regulate a wide range of behaviors, including arousal (10,11), courtship (12), memory (13), and locomotion (14). To ask whether small subsets of dopaminergic neurons might be involved in the regulation of aggression without affecting other behaviors, we restricted the numbers of targeted DA neurons using an intersectional approach in which the GAL4/upstream activating sequence (UAS) binary system was combined with the Flippase (FLP) recombination technique.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single dopaminergic neurons that modulate aggression in Drosophila

Alekseyenko

Chan

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

152

150

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Monoamines, including dopamine (DA), have been linked to aggression in various species. However, the precise role or roles served by the amine in aggression have been difficult to define because dopaminergic systems influence many behaviors, and all can be altered by changing the function of dopaminergic neurons. In the fruit fly, with the powerful genetic tools available, small subsets of brain cells can be reliably manipulated, offering enormous advantages for exploration of how and where amine neurons fit into the circuits involved with aggression. By combining the GAL4/upstream activating sequence (UAS) binary system with the Flippase (FLP) recombination technique, we were able to restrict the numbers of targeted DA neurons down to a single-cell level. To explore the function of these individual dopaminergic neurons, we inactivated them with the tetanus toxin light chain, a genetically encoded inhibitor of neurotransmitter release, or activated them with dTrpA1, a temperature-sensitive cation channel. We found two sets of dopaminergic neurons that modulate aggression, one from the T1 cluster and another from the PPM3 cluster. Both activation and inactivation of these neurons resulted in an increase in aggression. We demonstrate that the presynaptic terminals of the identified T1 and PPM3 dopaminergic neurons project to different parts of the central complex, overlapping with the receptor fields of DD2R and DopR DA receptor subtypes, respectively. These data suggest that the two types of dopaminergic neurons may influence aggression through interactions in the central complex region of the brain involving two different DA receptor subtypes.A ggression is an innate behavior commonly used to obtain resources such as territories, mates, or food. Although some features of aggression are species-specific, broad similarities exist across species in the behavioral patterns and neurochemical systems involved (1, 2). Monoamines such as dopamine (DA) and serotonin have been linked to aggression in many species (3). Elaboration of the neural pathways that control aggression, however, has proven difficult because monoaminergic neurons also regulate other behaviors (1, 2). The pharmacological and genetic manipulations usually used for altering amine neuron function influence most of the neurons within a given monoaminergic population and thereby cause many behavioral changes. This makes it difficult to pinpoint the relationship between any particular amine-induced behavioral phenotype and an associated neuronal pathway.The fruit fly offers enormous advantages in these regards because existing powerful genetic methods permit manipulation of small subsets of brain cells for exploration of the neural mechanisms of behavior (4-6). In the Drosophila model of aggression (7,8), males fight and form stable hierarchical relationships. Using this model, we have shown that acute shutdown of serotonergic neurons yielded flies that could initiate fights but showed a reduced ability to escalate aggression. Activation of serotonergic ne...

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Dopamine in Drosophila : setting arousal thresholds in a miniature brain

Cited by 115 publications

References 60 publications

Conceptual learning by miniature brains

Conceptual learning by miniature brains

Identified Serotonin-Releasing Neurons Induce Behavioral Quiescence and Suppress Mating inDrosophila

Single dopaminergic neurons that modulate aggression in Drosophila

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