2022
DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618
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Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease

Abstract: The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells tak… Show more

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Cited by 102 publications
(74 citation statements)
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References 1,318 publications
(1,785 reference statements)
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“…In addition, stimulation of the D2‐like receptor promotes NF‐kB, while stimulation of the D1‐like receptor inhibits it (Figure 3). 21 Moreover, in 1980, dopamine receptors were indicated to be expressed in T lymphocytes, the peripheral immune cells. This finding was confirmed by other studies 95,96 .…”
Section: Dopamine and Immune Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, stimulation of the D2‐like receptor promotes NF‐kB, while stimulation of the D1‐like receptor inhibits it (Figure 3). 21 Moreover, in 1980, dopamine receptors were indicated to be expressed in T lymphocytes, the peripheral immune cells. This finding was confirmed by other studies 95,96 .…”
Section: Dopamine and Immune Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although cAMP signaling is most relevant to the activation of DRs, some studies have shown that DRs exert biological effects through alternative signaling pathways that are not dependent on cAMP. For example, activation of both D1-like and D2-like receptors can activate protein lipase C-β to induce inositol triphosphate-mediated intracellular calcium flux [ 44 ]. Both D1R and D2R trans-activate brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptors in neurons [ 45 ].…”
Section: Dopaminergic Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3,5 Therefore, the level of DA in human serum and urine can be used as a diagnostic criterion for brain diseases and nervous system disorders. 2,3 The fast detection of DA in human blood and urine is important not only for therapy, but also for early diagnostics of brain diseases. 6…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%