Donut worry

Abstract

Dit werk is (mede)gefinancierd door de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) onder de projectnaam: 'Gene by Cognition influences on emotional eating; a moderating role for ruminative thinking?' projectnummer 057-13-004. Donut worryThe role of 5-HTTLPR genotype and ruminative thinking in emotional eating behaviour. Grab your coat and grab your hat, leave your worries on the doorstep Just direct your feet to the sunny side of the street Can't you hear that pitter-pat? PROEFSCHRIFTThat happy tune is your stepLife can be so sweet, on the sunny side of the street General IntroductionThe interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and ruminative thinking on body mass index Gene by cognition interaction on stress-induced attention bias for food: effects of 5-HTTLPR and ruminative thinkingThe effect of 5-HTTLPR genotype and cognitive rumination on long term cortisol reactivity measured in human hair.The interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and Ruminative Thinking on Daily Stress and Food Intakea multilevel approach Chapter 1General Introduction 10Chapter 1 The worldwide epidemic of overweight is considered one of the greatest threats to human health. In recent years, the prevalence of clinical overweight or obesity has increased to 30 percent of the population in the US (Flegal et al., 2010) and in Europe (Berghofer et al., 2008). People with obesity have an overall poorer quality of health, a higher risk of developing diabetes (Mokdad et al., 2001) and a heightened risk of developing mood disorders (Dong, et al., 2004). Multiple factors have been proposed as contributors to the increased prevalence of obesity, of which a sedentary lifestyle and easy access to energy dense foods seem to be among the important contributors (Wing et al., 2001). Although most people in the Western world have easy access to energy dense foods, many do not suff er from obesity. Therefore individual diff erences in weight gain might be related to diff erent levels of susceptibility to unhealthy eating styles. One of these well-known risky eating styles with regard to weight gain is: emotional eating, also called stress-induced eating.Stress-induced eating refers to eating in response to stress and/or negative mood to fulfi l emotional needs (to feed a feeling) rather than nutritional needs (to feed an empty stomach). This positive relationship between stress and increased food intake has been evidenced in several large populationwide association studies (Kivimaki et al, 2006; Mellbin & Vuile, 1989; Ng & Jeff rey, 2003). For instance, in their well-conducted large survey study (N=12110), Ng and Jeff ery (2003) reported a clear positive association between perceived emotional stress and total energy and fat intake. Additionally, in a longitudinal cohort study in which children were monitored for three years (between the ages of 7 and 10), disproportionate weight gain was signifi cantly associated with higher levels of psychosocial stress (Mellbin & Vuile, 1989). A more specifi c form of stress, stress at the workplace, s...