Donnan equilibrium and the effective charge of sodium polyacrylate

Specific influence of univalent cations on the ionization of alumina-coated TiO2 particles and on the adsorption of poly(acrylic)acid

“…Conductimetric, calorimetric, dilatometric, osmometric measurements on X-PAA with X + = Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + , and TMA + have shown no evidence of specific interaction with the ionized polymer, while Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ ions lead to a strong specific interaction [18,[45][46][47]. It also appears that the univalent counterions remain hydrated, even those that form ion pairs with the functional groups while Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ dehydrate upon interaction with PAA [46,47].…”

“…At the end of this process, the recovered precipitate was dried to evaporate the water/methanol solvent. The molecular weight of the purified PAA was measured by osmometry as reported elsewhere [18] and found to be 35 kg/mol. The precipitated and purified PAA was redissolved in water and its pH was adjusted to pH 3 with a cationic resin (Amberlite IRN-77).…”

Adsorption of Barium and Calcium Chloride onto Negatively Charged α-Fe2O3 Particles

“…accordance with the principle of ionic condensation (43)(44)(45) and with osmotic pressure measurements performed elsewhere with the same material (46).…”

Newtonian Viscosity of Dilute, Semidilute, and Concentrated Polymer Solutions

“…It therefore follows that the fraction, χ m , of monomers bearing an effective charge is given by χ m = α , where α is the degree of dissociation of the polyelectrolyte, when B /a ≤ (ν p ν c ) −1 , and χ m = a/λ B ν p ν c , when B /a > (ν p ν c ) −1 . In practice, if the conformation of the polyelectrolyte chain is not known (i.e., if a = L/N is unknown), χ m must be determined by osmotic pressure [Pochard et al, 2001] or conductimetric measurements [Beyer and Nordmeier, 1995].…”