Domoic acid uptake and elimination kinetics in oysters and mussels in relation to body size and anatomical distribution of toxin

Improved detection of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine using N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of N-butylnicotinic acid for the localization of BMAA in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)

“…If this is the case then based on past studies [29], BMAA would likely be found predominantly in the visceral compartment which fortunately can easily be cleansed through depuration, thus allowing for a means of cleaning mussels and minimizing exposure through their consumption. Analogous to other localization studies [30], we applied our method to determine if there is localization of BMAA in specific compartments/tissues of the blue mussel.…”

Differential okadaic acid accumulation and detoxification by oysters and mussels during natural and simulated Dinophysis blooms

“…A similar increase in OA concentrations was also observed during early depuration of M. galloprovincialis under controlled conditions; the authors suggested that hydrolysis of conjugated forms was probably the cause [50]. However, no derivatives or conjugated forms of OA were found in our bivalve samples as analyzed by LC-MS/ MS. Alternatively, such increase in OA levels in non-visceral tissues during early depuration may suggest a twocompartment detoxification process with transfer of toxin from viscera to other tissues, as calculated for domoic acidcontaminated C. virginica and M. edulis [54]. Even though some studies find a better fit by using more complex twocompartment models characterized by faster detoxification rates at early depuration stage [35,53,55,56], in most cases toxin loss can be adequately described by calculating a constant detoxification rate (i.e.…”

“…Finally, juvenile bivalves may exhibit faster detoxification rates than those estimated in the laboratory from commercial-sized individuals. Juvenile oysters, C. virginica, for instance, showed faster detoxification of domoic acid relative to two size classes of adults, probably due to their higher metabolic rates; M. edulis mussels, in contrast, did not experience the same effect [54].…”

Pseudo-nitzschia physiological ecology, phylogeny, toxicity, monitoring and impacts on ecosystem health

“…The toxin is moved through the food chain during blooms when primary consumers with guts full of Pseudo-nitzschia are eaten by secondary consumers. DA is eventually depurated, but depuration rates can vary, from hours in the blue mussel (M. edulis), Mediterranean cockle (Acanthocardia tuberculatum) and Greenshell TM mussel (Perna canaliculus), to several days in the Mediterranean mussel (M. galloprovincialis) and eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) (Novaczek et al, 1992;Wohlgeschaffen et al, 1992;Mackenzie et al, 1993;Vale and Sampayo, 2002;Mafra et al, 2010a). Three bivalves that are very slow to depurate are the razor clam Siliqua patula (>86 days), the scallop P. magellanicus (>14 days) and the scallop Pecten maximus ($ 416 days) (Wohlgeschaffen et al, 1992(Wohlgeschaffen et al, , 1993Douglas et al, 1997;Blanco et al, 2002).…”