Dominating interleukin-10 mRNA expression induction in cerebrospinal fluid cells of dogs with natural canine distemper virus induced demyelinating and non-demyelinating CNS lesions

Increase of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Non-Demyelinating Early Cerebral Lesions in Nervous Canine Distemper

“…Additionally, IL-6 expression is directly induced in primary canine brain cultures by CDV infection in vitro (22), as well as in neurons of CDV-infected mice in vivo (9). The prominent variation in IL-6 mRNA transcription, and especially the extremely high values in group II animals, are in accordance with previous studies that focused on the role of IL-6 in blood and CSF cells of dogs suffering from distemper, as well as in early cerebellar distemper lesions (19,24,31). The overall magnitude of the normalized IL-6 expression values in the gray matter was similar to the findings in white matter lesions (31).…”

“…Primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were taken from the literature (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], IL-8, TNF-␣, TGF-␤, and CDV) (19,24,25), or designed from canine-specific cDNA sequences (GenBank ™ /EMBL Data bank; Table 2) using the Primer Designer Program (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-␥; Science and Educational Software, State Line, PA) (31).…”

“…In carnivores, it causes a systemic, often fatal disease, which is commonly associated with respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract disorders and nervous system disturbances (7,8,19). Distemper leukoencephalitis (DL) with multifocal demyelination and different types of plaques is commonly found in distemper dogs (20,24,45,50,51,61), whereas gray matter lesions such as post-vaccinal encephalomyelitis, inclusion body polioencephalitis, and old dog encephalitis are rarely encountered (37).…”

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induced phenotype switch of microglia in vitro

“…TMEV antigen has been found in all main resident CNS cell types including neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes (Qi and Dal Canto, 1996;Olson et al, 2001;Zheng et al, 2001;Kummerfeld et al, 2009Kummerfeld et al, , 2012. Degenerative changes predominate in infected neurons and oligodendrocytes leading to axonal loss and demyelination, whereas infected microglia and astrocytes express numerous cytokines and chemokines includ ing IFNα/β, IL-1, IL-12, TNF, IL-10 and MCP-1, thereby inducing an antiviral immune response (Frisk et al, 1999;Anderson et al, 2000;Gröne et al, 2000Gröne et al, , 2002Palma et al, 2003;Oleszak et al, 2004;Palma and Kim, 2004;Jin et al, 2007Jin et al, , 2010Sato et al, 2011). TMEV triggers cytokine expression by various cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-sensor proteins including protein kinase R, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (Gitlin et al, 2006;So et al, 2006;Carpentier et al, 2007;So and Kim, 2009).…”

Acute canine distemper encephalitis is associated with rapid neuronal loss and local immune activation

“…The neurological signs and pathological changes observed are thus considered to be a direct result of the infection (Vandevelde & Zurbriggen, 2005;Vandevelde et al, 1985;Zurbriggen et al, 1998). However, the detection of different cytokine and chemokine mRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of animals with chronic CDV-induced CNS lesions suggests that an aberrant local immune response may contribute importantly to disease progression (Frisk et al, 1999).…”