Domestication and microbiome

Abstract

In this paper we discuss two universal characteristics of domesticated species that distinguish them from the wild closely related ancestors – increased socialization and phenotypic variability. Examining evidence accumulated in the literature up to date, we note that the gut microbiome is involved in the increased social behavior of domesticated species through the gut-immune system-brain axis. We further discuss data that point toward clear difference in the microbiome composition between domesticated species and closely related wild ancestors. This difference is related to changes in diet, due to co-habitation with humans, which leads to increase in Bifidobacteria and changes in carbohydrate metabolism. We note that these changes may also influence interaction between microbiome and virome. Virome is linked to the evolutionary changes through incorporation of retro-viruses into the host genome. Together with transposons these mobile genetic elements may also lead to changes in regulatory networks, and increase adaptive potential. Changes in microbiome of animals during co-habitation with humans should be considered as an important event during domestication process.

Gut Microbes Reveal Pseudomonas Medicates Ingestion Preference via Protein Utilization and Cellular Homeostasis Under Feed Domestication in Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens

“…In addition to microbial diversity, the relative abundance of microbes directly reveals the function of specific gut microbes. Generally, all species have species-specific gut microbiome composition, which influences their adaptation and diversification behaviors, including food preference, phenotypic plasticity, and innate and adaptive immunity (Glazko et al, 2021). The intestinal microbiota is either indigenous or transient.…”

Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Viral Infections

“…Bacteriophages dominate the virome in many microbial communities, enhancing diversity, increasing nutrient turnover, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. Understanding the role of bacteriophages in microbial community structures is crucial for recognizing and treating changes in the composition and diversity of the human gut microbiome, which are associated with various disorders, including IBD [91].…”

Rare and unique adaptations to cancer in domesticated species: An untapped resource?

“…The health related consequences of domestication can be beneficial or detrimental to a species relative to its ancestry. For instance, immune-related genes can evolve rapidly during the domestication processes (Glazko, Zybaylov, & Glazko, 2014;Jennings & Sang, 2019), as heightened immune performances improve the survival rate of individuals experiencing confinement or living at high density (Dong et al, 2015;Douxfils et al, 2011;Kuhlman & Martin, 2010). Conversely, human preferences for specific traits can increase pathological vulnerability, as selective breeding may lead to inbreeding depression and/or a concentration of deleterious alleles responsible for genetic diseases.…”