Domestic Factors Could Accelerate the Evolution of China's Nuclear Posture

PLA Rocket Force Modernization and China's Military Reforms

“…PLA Rocket Force nuclear missile force modernization continues to focus on enhancing survivability and countering missile defense developments. 22 Recent examples of this continuing effort include the new DF-31AG ICBMs referred to earlier, which feature improved launchers and greater mobility. 23 The PLA Rocket Force also deploys nuclear medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) and IRBMs for regional deterrence and strike missions.…”

“…24 The deployment of the DF-26 IRBM, which has nuclear and conventional precision strike capabilities, as well as a conventional antiship version, is another very important development in PLA Rocket Force modernization. 25 China has also developed an extensive network of tunnels and underground facilities to support many parts of the PLA. Official media reports emphasize how these facilities contribute to the Rocket Force's efforts to conceal its operations and enhance its survivability.…”

“…18 China describes its desired force structure as a "lean and effective" nuclear deterrent, one that is capable of ensuring retaliation following an enemy attack against China. 19 China's focus on the effectiveness of its nuclear missile force can be traced to concerns expressed in PLA publications dating to the late 1980s, which outlined plans to improve China's nuclear counterattack capability by moving toward mobile launchers, improving survivability, increasing the ability to penetrate missile defenses, increasing the numbers of missiles and launch units, and improving command and control and support systems.…”