Domestic airborne black carbon and exhaled nitric oxide in children in NYC

Cornell, Alexandra; Chillrud, Steven N.; Mellins, Robert B.; Acosta, Luis; Miller, Rachel L.; Quinn, James W.; Yan, Beizhan; Divjan, Adnan; Olmedo, O.E.; López‐Pintado, Sara; Kinney, Patrick L.; Perera, Frederica P.; Jacobson, Judith S.; Goldstein, Inge F.; Rundle, Andrew; Perzanowski, Matthew S.

doi:10.1038/jes.2012.3

Cited by 56 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Our results demonstrate that the blood pressure effect of BC observed in the United States and Europe (30,31) is not limited to high-income countries where BC is primarily from motor vehicles, although residential biomass combustion contributes to winter ambient air pollution in northern climates (32)(33)(34). The stronger health effect of BC from roadway exposure or combined roadway-biomass exposure may also be an important environmental risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in developing countries like China where the number of motor vehicles is rapidly increasing and household use of biomass and coal fuels persists (5,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Baumgartner

Zhang

Schauer

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

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Air pollution in China and other parts of Asia poses large health risks and is an important contributor to global climate change. Almost half of Chinese homes use biomass and coal fuels for cooking and heating. China's economic growth and infrastructure development has led to increased emissions from coal-fired power plants and an expanding fleet of motor vehicles. Black carbon (BC) from incomplete biomass and fossil fuel combustion is the most strongly light-absorbing component of particulate matter (PM) air pollution and the second most important climate-forcing human emission. PM composition and sources may also be related to its human health impact. We enrolled 280 women living in a rural area of northwestern Yunnan where biomass fuels are commonly used. We measured their blood pressure, distance from major traffic routes, and daily exposure to BC (pyrolytic biomass combustion), water-soluble organic aerosol (organic aerosol from biomass combustion), and, in a subset, hopane markers (motor vehicle emissions) in winter and summer. BC had the strongest association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (4.3 mmHg; P < 0.001), followed by PM mass and water-soluble organic mass. The effect of BC on SBP was almost three times greater in women living near the highway [6.2 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.6 to 8.9 vs. 2.6 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.1 to 5.2]. Our findings suggest that BC from combustion emissions is more strongly associated with blood pressure than PM mass, and that BC's health effects may be larger among women living near a highway and with greater exposure to motor vehicle emissions. cardiovascular disease | household air pollution | solid fuels P articulate matter (PM) air pollution is a leading health risk factor (1) and primary contributor to anthropogenic climate change (2). Air pollution is notoriously high in China and other parts of Asia. China's rising energy demands have led to increased air pollution emissions from coal-fired power plants (3). Its motorized transport growth is the fastest in the world with the number of motor vehicles projected to quadruple in the next two decades, reaching over 380 million by 2030 (4). Meanwhile, nearly half of all Chinese still cook and heat their homes with highly polluting biomass and coal fuels (5). The resulting PM concentrations routinely exceed the World Health Organization's (WHO) annual Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m 3 by a factor of 10 or more (6) and are associated with a number of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular diseases (1, 7).PM differs in chemical properties, size, and possibly effects on human health. Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon PM are emitted during incomplete biomass and fossil fuel combustion and seem to have important effects on both climate and human health. BC affects the regional and global climate by absorbing solar radiation and heating the atmosphere and is the second most important climate-forcing human emission, after carbon dioxide (8). Coemitted organic carbon may further influence radiative forcing by ac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Baumgartner

Zhang

Schauer

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

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“…[12][13][14] Parents of 7-to 8-year-old children were recruited through the Health Insurance Plan of New York, a provider used primarily by a middle-income population. Neighborhoods were selected based on United Hospital Fund (UHF) level (several zip codes) asthma prevalence among 5-year-olds as reported by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, after controlling for health insurance coverage among a middle-income population of 7-to 8-year-old asthmatics, we observed no difference in clinical indicators of asthma severity (lung function, exhaled nitric oxide [NO], and frequency of wheeze) between children living in higher versus lower asthma prevalence neighborhoods (LAPNs). 12,13 Although neighborhood SES was associated with urgent medical visits, 13 we considered the possibility that an underlying biological determinant of these differences might also be involved. An asthma phenotype associated with rapid-onset exacerbations, like EIW, might increase a child' s risk for an urgent medical visit for asthma.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We hypothesized that EIW would be associated with urgent medical visits, independent of clinical indicators of asthma severity, and with the prevalence of asthma in a child' s neighborhood. To minimize heterogeneity in potential confounders such as access to health care and household income, we tested this hypothesis among the children described previously, [12][13][14] a group of middle-income asthmatic children living throughout New York City neighborhoods.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Exercise-Induced Wheeze, Urgent Medical Visits, and Neighborhood Asthma Prevalence

et al. 2013

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OBJECTIVE: Exercise-induced wheeze (EIW) may identify a distinct population among asthmatics and give insight into asthma morbidity etiology. The prevalence of pediatric asthma and associated urgent medical visits varies greatly by neighborhood in New York City and is highest in low-income neighborhoods. Although increased asthma severity might contribute to the disparities in urgent medical visits, when controlling for health insurance coverage, we previously observed no differences in clinical measures of severity between asthmatic children living in neighborhoods with lower (3%–9%) versus higher (11%–19%) asthma prevalence. Among these asthmatics, we hypothesized that EIW would be associated with urgent medical visits and a child’s neighborhood asthma prevalence. METHODS: Families of 7- to 8-year-old children were recruited into a case-control study of asthma through an employer-based health insurance provider. Among the asthmatics (n = 195), prevalence ratios (PRs) for EIW were estimated. Final models included children with valid measures of lung function, seroatopy, and waist circumference (n = 140). RESULTS: EIW was associated with urgent medical visits for asthma (PR, 2.29; P = .021), independent of frequent wheeze symptoms. In contrast to frequent wheeze, EIW was not associated with seroatopy or exhaled NO, suggesting a distinct mechanism. EIW prevalence among asthmatics increased with increasing neighborhood asthma prevalence (PR, 1.09; P = .012), after adjustment for race, ethnicity, maternal asthma, environmental tobacco smoke, household income, and neighborhood income. CONCLUSIONS: EIW may contribute to the disparities in urgent medical visits for asthma between high- and low-income neighborhoods. Physicians caring for asthmatics should consider EIW an indicator of risk for urgent medical visits.

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“…Residents living near major roadways and exposed to vehicle combustion particles including BC may be at increased risk for respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function Cornell et al, 2012). Measurements of BC are important in order to understand the major sources and subsequent evolution in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Term Black Carbon Measurements at Two Urban Locations in New York

Rattigan

Civerolo

Doraiswamy

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Measurements of PM 2.5 black carbon (BC) over an 8-9 year period are used to characterize temporal patterns at sites in New York City (NYC) and Rochester, NY. Annual mean BC at the NYC location ranges from 1.4 to 2.0 μg/m 3 , whereas mean concentrations at Rochester are approximately a factor of 2-3 lower. BC amounts to 15-20% of PM 2.5 mass in NYC compared to 7-10% at Rochester. Seasonal patterns reveal the highest BC concentrations in NYC from November to February versus June to November at Rochester. At both locations, mean weekday (Monday-Friday) BC concentrations are statistically higher compared to weekends (Saturday and Sunday). Weekday BC diurnal profiles exhibit a morning peak between 6-10 AM EST followed by an afternoon minimum, with a secondary peak in the late evening. Sunday BC diurnal profiles show highest concentrations at night, from 8 PM to 2 AM. These patterns are consistent with vehicle counts on nearby roadways and boundary layer dynamics at both locations. Simultaneous measurements of BC at 370 and 880 nm show an enhancement in BC 370 relative to the BC 880 from October to March. This enhanced signal is most evident at Rochester during late evening and early morning hours (8 PM to 4 AM) on weekends, and is attributed to UV absorbing species (such as wood smoke markers) in the ambient particle mixture. At the NYC site, the levels of Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co) in PM 10 are elevated during the heating season due to residual oil combustion. The long term datasets are used to explore the seasonal relationship between BC 880 and EC at both sites.

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Domestic airborne black carbon and exhaled nitric oxide in children in NYC

Cited by 56 publications

References 47 publications

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Exercise-Induced Wheeze, Urgent Medical Visits, and Neighborhood Asthma Prevalence

Long Term Black Carbon Measurements at Two Urban Locations in New York

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