“…For the maturity determination in the Lower Palaeozoic shales, it is difficult and problematic because the 'gold standard' vitrinite (Hackley et al, 2015) is absent in such shale intervals. Other geochemical parameters, for example, Rock-Eval Tmax (Bertrand & Malo, 2001;Petersen et al, 2013), biomarker parameters (Radke & Welte, 1983), fluorescence photometry (Haeri-Ardakani & Sanei, 2015;Wilkins et al, 1995), the conodont colour alteration index (CAI; Epstein et al, 1977;Rejebian et al, 1987), and kerogen atomic ratio (H/C) (Buchardt & Lewan, 1990;Hartkopf-Fröder et al, 2015) are ineffective in such shales with over-maturity stage. Fortunately, the reflectances of solid bitumen and graptolite have been analysed in such kind of source rocks, and have been regarded as the effective indicator for maturity evaluation (Bertrand & Malo, 2001;Bustin et al, 1989;Luo et al, 2018;Petersen et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2019).…”