Dog whistle mascots: Native American mascots as normative expressions of prejudice

Kraus, Michael W.; Brown, Xanni; Swoboda, Hannah

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.008

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This included items such as "It's really a matter of some people not trying hard enough; if Black people would only try harder, they could be just as well off as White people." We assessed anti-Native American prejudice using four items (α = .74; Brantmeier, 2012;Kraus et al, 2019). Participants indicated their agreement with items such as "Most Native Americans are rich because they own and operate casinos" on a scale ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Prejudice Predicts Police Militarization

2022

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In the United States, police are becoming increasingly militarized. Whereas the racialized nature of police militarization has been documented, the relationship between racial prejudice and police militarization is less understood. We assessed the link between racial prejudice against Black and Native Americans and police militarization at individual and regional levels. Study 1 ( N = 765) recruited a nationally representative sample of White Americans and found a positive association between racial prejudice and support for police militarization. Study 2 ( N = 3,129,343) sourced regional aggregates of prejudice among White Americans from Project Implicit and policing data from the Defense Logistics Agency and found that police departments in states higher in prejudice acquired greater amounts of militarized equipment. Together, these studies demonstrate that, in terms of attitudes and policies, racial prejudice predicts police militarization.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Prejudice Predicts Police Militarization

2022

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“…For example, White individuals who viewed another White person wearing a Native mascot t-shirt experienced higher self-esteem, expressed greater liking of, and felt more similar to other White individuals compared to those who viewed the same person wearing a Fighting Irish or a no mascot control t-shirt (Fryberg, 2017). Similarly, students at a university with a Native mascot, who expressed more explicit anti-Native prejudice, reported a greater sense of school belonging and more positive attitudes towards their school's mascot, an effect that was particularly pronounced among White students (Kraus et al, 2019). While Kraus and colleagues did not measure national identity specifically, research demonstrates that non-Native individuals high in national identification tend to not only see negative stereotypes of Natives as acceptable but also personally endorse those stereotypes (Eason et al, 2021).…”

Section: An Examination Of Columbus Day Illustrates How Erasing Narratives Allow Non-natives To Avoid Engaging Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to Native mascots lowers Native youth's self-esteem, community worth, academic goals and positive affect (Fryberg et al, 2008;LaRocque et al, 2011), and increases dysphoria, hostility, and depression (LaRocque et al, 2011). Among non-Natives, the use of Native mascots increases implicit stereotyping of (e.g., implicit association of Natives with negative attributes such as primitiveness; Angle et al, 2017;Burkley et al, 2017;Freng & Willis-Esqueda, 2011;Kraus et al, 2019) and explicit discrimination (e.g., verbal and physical abuse; Clark et al, 2011;Jacobs, 2014;Johnston-Goodstar & Roholt, 2017;Steinfeldt et al, 2010) against Natives. This robust body of research unequivocally demonstrates that Native mascots undermine Native well-being and intergroup relations, and it affirms Native communities' and organizations' long-standing opposition (see Change The Mascot, n.d. and Giago, 2019 for further discussion of Native activism).…”

Section: Native Mascots Reflect and Perpetuate Erasing And Dehumanizing Narrativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, preliminary evidence shows that non-Natives high in national identity reported greater opposition to the retirement of Native mascots (Eason et al, 2018b). Empirical research also suggests that the continued use of Native mascots bolsters positive identity for non-Natives (Fryberg, 2017;Kraus et al, 2019). For example, White individuals who viewed another White person wearing a Native mascot t-shirt experienced higher self-esteem, expressed greater liking of, and felt more similar to other White individuals compared to those who viewed the same person wearing a Fighting Irish or a no mascot control t-shirt (Fryberg, 2017).…”

Section: An Examination Of Columbus Day Illustrates How Erasing Narratives Allow Non-natives To Avoid Engaging Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Erasing and dehumanizing Natives to protect positive national identity: The Native mascot example

Dai

Lopez

Brady

et al. 2021

Social & Personality Psych

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For individuals who view being American as central to their sense of self, the reality of Native oppression (e.g., genocide, police brutality) threatens their ability to maintain a positive national identity. We theorize that long-standing narratives in American culture erase and dehumanize Natives, enabling non-Natives to psychological distance and justify Native oppression as a means of protecting positive national identity.We illustrate this protective process using the example of Native mascots. We first demonstrate that Native mascots erase and dehumanize Natives and then illustrate how the use of Native mascots protects national identity. We conclude by calling for individual-and institutional-level changes to create a society free of harmful and toxic narratives and the practices that perpetuate these narratives.

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“…Health inequity arises from the multiple social and economic inequities that Indigenous people experience [12], including underfunded hospitals [13] and schools [14], discrimination and racism around housing [15] and job opportunities [16], mascotry or invisibility (erasure) in society [17], and unaddressed colonial practices and the subsequent trauma [18] they cause. In all these ways, colonization continues to play a subversive role in the United States that permeates the lives of Indigenous people, reducing health and well-being outcomes [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Health Effects of a Cherokee Grounded Culture and Leadership Program

Lewis

Smith

Wildcat

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Introduction: Indigenous youth and young adults endure some of the highest rates of physical and mental health problems in the United States compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. Colonization, oppression, and discrimination play a substantial role in these inequitable disease rates. However, culture (e.g., identity, participation, and connection) relates to the prevention of and recovery from illness in Indigenous populations. The Remember the Removal program aims to teach Indigenous youth and young adults tribally specific culture, history, and language to put them on a trajectory to become informed and culturally connected community leaders. We examined the program’s effects on health. Method: Thirty Remember the Removal program participants, mainly young adults, completed surveys four times: before the program’s start, at the end of the training period, at the program’s end, and at a six-month follow-up. Various indicators of physical, mental, spiritual, and cultural health and well-being were measured at each time period. Paired t-tests were completed to compare baseline scores to each subsequent time interval. Results: At program completion, and as indicated with an asterisk at the six month follow-up, participants had statistically significantly improved diet and exercise measures (e.g., reduced sugary, salty, and fatty foods, reduced soda consumption, increased fruit consumption, and improved self-efficacy for exercise), improved mental health indicators (e.g., reduced stress, anxiety, depression*, anger*, post-traumatic stress disorder, and microaggressions*, and improved positive mental health) and improved social and cultural connection (e.g., social support, Cherokee identity*, Cherokee values). Discussion: This is one of the first quantitative studies to demonstrate the profound effects that cultural learning and connection have on the health and well-being of Indigenous people and practices. It also demonstrates the specificity and effectiveness of a program created by and for tribal citizens. Future programs with Indigenous populations should work to center cultural connection and ensure that programs are created and directed by tribal community members.

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Dog whistle mascots: Native American mascots as normative expressions of prejudice

Cited by 27 publications

References 46 publications

Racial Prejudice Predicts Police Militarization

Racial Prejudice Predicts Police Militarization

Erasing and dehumanizing Natives to protect positive national identity: The Native mascot example

The Health Effects of a Cherokee Grounded Culture and Leadership Program

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