Does Women’s Labor Force Participation Reduce Domestic Violence? Evidence from Jordan

Lenze, Jana; Klasen, Stephan

doi:10.1080/13545701.2016.1211305

Cited by 65 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Such an argument is in congruent with the resources theory on domestic violence which presupposes that family members with more resources traditionally command higher power and assure obedience and compliance while those with less resources use violence to maintain power (K. L. Anderson, 1997;Pallikadavath & Bradley, 2018;Warner et al, 1986). But on the other hand, studies that have controlled for endogeneity when modelling the association between intimate partner violence and women's working status have not found a significant association between women's working status and domestic violence, indicating that women's working status does not necessarily lead to domestic violence (Lenze & Klasen, 2017).…”

Section: High and Complete Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Married Women’s Experience of Domestic Violence in Malawi: New Evidence From a Cluster and Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

Chikhungu

Lyons-Amos

Kandala

et al. 2019

J Interpers Violence

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Background: Violence against women is a global issue with estimates indicating that 35% of all women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner violence in their life time. In Malawi 42% of ever-married women have experienced some form of violence perpetrated by their current or most recent spouse. A number of studies have investigated intimate partner violence in Malawi within the context of HIV/AIDS, girls' sexual abuse, psychological distress and a few report on the role of sociocultural factors in influencing gender based violence. No study has used cluster analysis to systematically analyse different levels of abuse amongst married women in Malawi. Methods: Using the 2015 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey data, we employed cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression to analyse the distribution of different levels of abuse amongst married women in Malawi and the key attributes associated with each level of abuse. Results: Correlates of domestic violence significantly differ by levels of abuse and are distributed as follows; controlling behaviour (11.8%), general controlling behaviour (27.1%), moderate physical and emotional abuse (27.2%) and the high and complete abuse (8.5%). Alcohol consumption, ethnicity and women working status were significantly associated with all four levels of abuse but age and religion were only associated with controlling behaviour and generalised controlling behaviour. The strength of association between husband's alcohol consumption, woman's working status and marriage type and domestic violence increased by level of abuse. On each of these factors, the odds of experiencing violence were lowest in the controlling behaviour group and highest in the high physical and emotional abuse group. Policy Recommendations: Policies and programmes that are designed to tackle violence against married women in Malawi should incorporate strategies that discourage excessive drinking, promote messages that women can be bread winners and discourage polygamous marriage.

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Section: High and Complete Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Married Women’s Experience of Domestic Violence in Malawi: New Evidence From a Cluster and Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

Chikhungu

Lyons-Amos

Kandala

et al. 2019

J Interpers Violence

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“…the endogenous variable) and exogenous in the basic model. The intuition behind choosing the cluster average of women's working status as an IV is that it reflects employment opportunities at the area of living and more importantly it shows the effectiveness of the social networks (Lenze & Klasen, 2017). Previous research has suggested that social networks and employment probability are strongly correlated (Montgomery, 1991).…”

Section: Instrumental Variable Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does maternal employment affect child nutrition status? New evidence from Egypt

Rashad

Sharaf

2018

Oxford Development Studies

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Despite that maternal employment can increase family income, several studies have suggested that it has adverse health consequences on children. The literature on the effects of maternal employment on children in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is scarce. In this study, we assess the impact of maternal employment on children's health in Egypt, the most populous country in MENA. We use a nationally representative sample of 12,888 children under the age of five from 2014 Demographic and Health Survey for Egypt, to estimate the causal impact of women's work on child nutritional status, as measured by the Height-for-Age Score (HAZ). We adopted various estimation methods to control for observable and unobservable household characteristics to identify the causal effect of maternal employment. These different techniques include Propensity Score Matching (PSM), OLS regression with controlling for a wide variety of individual characteristics, in addition to Instrumental Variable Two Stage Least Squares approach. We find a strong negative impact of maternal employment on child nutritional status in Egypt, irrespective of the estimation method employed. However, the effect of maternal employment is understated when the OLS and PSM are applied. More family-friendly policies for working moms are strongly needed in Egypt. JEL Classification: J1

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“…For example, women's employment or working for money has been associated with lower violence in some settings [29] but higher in others [19,[29][30][31][32] with some suggestion that formal employment may be more protective than irregular or seasonal employment [33] and longer duration of employment more protective than shorter [34]. Other studies from a range of countries indicate no association between women's employment or income and IPV [19,29,35]. Women's higher economic contribution to the household was associated with higher past year physical violence in one study in Bangladesh [15], but no significant association was found in two other Bangladesh sites [14,21] or in the Philippines [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s income and risk of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from the MAISHA cluster randomised trial in North-Western Tanzania

et al. 2019

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Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is pervasive throughout the world, with profound consequences for women's health. While women's 'economic empowerment' is touted as a potential means to reduce IPV, evidence is mixed as to the role of different economic factors in determining women's risk. This paper explores associations and potential pathways between women's income and experience of IPV, in Mwanza city, Tanzania. Methods: We use data from married/cohabiting women (N = 740) enrolled in the MAISHA study, a cluster randomised trial of an IPV prevention intervention. Women were interviewed at baseline and 29-months later. We use logistic regression to model cross-sectional (baseline) and longitudinal associations between: a woman's monthly income (quartiles) and her past year risk of physical IPV, sexual IPV and economic abuse; and a woman's relative financial contribution to the household (same/less than partner; more than partner) and past year physical IPV and sexual IPV. Results: At baseline, 96% of respondents reported earning an income and 28% contributed more financially to the household than their partner did. Higher income was associated with lower past-year physical IPV risk at baseline and longitudinally, and lower sexual IPV at baseline only. No clear associations were seen between income and economic abuse. Higher relative financial contribution was associated with increased physical IPV and sexual IPV among all women at baseline, though only among control women longitudinally. Higher income was associated with several potential pathways to reduced IPV, including reduced household hardship, fewer arguments over the partner's inability to provide for the family, improved relationship dynamics, and increased relationship dissolution. Those contributing more than their partner tended to come from more disadvantaged households, argue more over their partner's inability to provide, and have worse relationship dynamics. Conclusions: While women's income was protective against IPV, women who contributed more financially than their partners had greater IPV risk. Poverty and tensions over men's inability to provide emerge as potentially important drivers of this association. Interventions to empower women should not only broaden women's access to economic resources and opportunities, but also work with women and men to address men's livelihoods, male gender roles and masculinity norms.

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Does Women’s Labor Force Participation Reduce Domestic Violence? Evidence from Jordan

Cited by 65 publications

References 53 publications

Married Women’s Experience of Domestic Violence in Malawi: New Evidence From a Cluster and Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

Married Women’s Experience of Domestic Violence in Malawi: New Evidence From a Cluster and Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

Does maternal employment affect child nutrition status? New evidence from Egypt

Women’s income and risk of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from the MAISHA cluster randomised trial in North-Western Tanzania

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