Does weight-related stigmatisation and discrimination depend on educational attainment and level of income? A systematic review

Bernard, Marie; Fankhänel, Thomas; Riedel‐Heller, Steffi G.; Luck-Sikorski, Claudia

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027673

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Specifically, people with incomes greater than 2.5 times the minimum wage and people who had completed higher education presented more weight bias. These results are consistent with other studies and especially with a systematic review that indicated that weight discrimination attitudes increase with higher education and higher income 56 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…These results are consistent with other studies and especially with a systematic review that indicated that weight discrimination attitudes increase with higher education and higher income. 56 Overall, the evidence indicates that the people who are most likely to present weight discrimination are normal weight men, with an income greater than 2.5 times the minimum wage and well quali- guidelines, 57 given the sample size and that the results were in concordance with previous studies, we expect our findings to be generalized to other populations with similar sociodemographic characteristics (including all BMI ranges) and cultural characteristics. Also given the sample size and that the sample came from the general population, we predict this validation can be used to assess anti-fat attitudes in other Spanish language countries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Anti‐fat attitudes among Spanish general population: Psychometric properties of the anti‐fat attitudes scale

2022

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Weight discrimination is one of the worst forms of prejudice and is deeply rooted in society. The aim of this study was to adapt the anti-fat attitudes scale (AFA) to the Spanish general population. The sample consisted of 1248 participants from the Spanish community population. They were recruited through the internet and participated voluntarily. Women (77.8%) were more predominant than men. Regarding body weight categories, 5.3% were underweight, 43.5% were normal-weight, 24.9% were overweight and 26.3% had obesity. A cross-validation method with an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the AFA. The Spanish version of the AFA showed a satisfactory internal consistency for all three factors, as well as adequate test-retest reliability after a 1-month interval.Finally, the Spanish version of the AFA seems to be an adequate tool to assess negative attitudes towards obesity in both clinical and research settings. Men presented more negative attitudes towards obesity and were convinced that obesity is under someone's control. Women presented more fear of gaining weight. Normal-weight people were those who discriminated more. Participants with overweight or obesity suffered more fear of gaining weight. There was no intra-group discrimination between individuals with overweight and obesity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Anti‐fat attitudes among Spanish general population: Psychometric properties of the anti‐fat attitudes scale

2022

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“…In some cultures, in which individual responsibility is described as the leading cause of self-fulfillment, health, and wealth, obesity can be seen as a self-inflicted condition. In other cultures, in which individuals' situations are considered a result of various circumstances, obesity might not be seen as self-inflicted [49]. In these cultures, especially people with a high level of education may be aware of social barriers as determinants for self-fulfillment, wealth, and health, including bodyweight (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Registered Dietitians, Nutrition Students, and Laypeople Perceive Individuals with Obesity Differently?

Cassiano

Ferreira

Buckland

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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(1) Background: Obesity is associated with significant social consequences, and individuals with obesity are regularly affected by weight-related stigmatization experiences. This study compares antifat attitudes among registered dietitians (RD), nutrition students, and laypeople and assesses which factors related to the perceived causes of obesity influence these attitudes. (2) Methods: An online survey was conducted in Brazil with RD (n = 336), nutrition students (n = 300), and laypeople (n = 403) with questionnaires assessing antifat attitudes and perceived causes of obesity. (3) Results: All groups presented low antifat attitudes. Minor differences in antifat attitudes were found among the three groups. Compared to RDs and nutrition students, laypeople presented higher Weight Control/Blame scores, but with a small effect size (η2 = 0.01). Weight bias was predicted by age, sex, and body mass index. External, social, and financial factors were not perceived to be very important in the development of obesity by RD and students. (4) Conclusions: Since slight differences were seen among RD and students compared to laypeople, and some perceptions of the causes of obesity indicate a stigmatized view. It is essential to place a greater focus on educating and updating these health professionals and students about weight stigma and its consequences for the mental and physical health of individuals.

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“…Furthermore, the relationship between weight stigma and income or educational attainment is understudied, and available research does not provide consistent evidence. 31 American women may feel less financially satisfied than men with their medical care, perhaps due to lower income. 32 While research has tended to focus on how being at a lower income may precede weight gain, importantly, through discriminatory processes, being at a higher weight may affect income (particularly for women) in the United States.…”

Section: Weight Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient Recommendations for Providers to Avoid Stigmatizing Weight in Rural-Based Women With Low Income

Watson¹,

Hughes²,

Robinson³

et al. 2021

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

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Weight stigma has become widespread within health care and disproportionately affects women, who are under greater appearance-based scrutiny than men. It is also well established that ruralbased individuals with low incomes suffer greater health disparities compared with urban, higher-income counterparts, yet studies examining recommendations for nonstigmatizing health care among higherweight women from low-income rural settings are lacking. This study examined the experiences and recommendations of higher-weight, low-income, rural women, with the aim of improving health care for similar populations. MethodsIn-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in a rural region of the Midwestern United States to explore participants' recommendations for redressing stigma within health care. All participants (n=25) self-identified as higher-weight, low-income, rural women. ResultsAll participants experienced or were aware of weight stigma within health care. Themes identified from responses were understanding patients and their situations, offering options and supplemental information, communicating effectively, taking time, and having a positive attitude. Patient recommendations focused on correcting physician biases, rapport-building, and providing holistic care. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that weight stigma is prevalent within health care provided to low-income women in rural U.S. Midwest and that there are specific communication and training approaches that may reduce the prevalence of weight stigma in health care.

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Does weight-related stigmatisation and discrimination depend on educational attainment and level of income? A systematic review

Cited by 15 publications

References 57 publications

Anti‐fat attitudes among Spanish general population: Psychometric properties of the anti‐fat attitudes scale

Anti‐fat attitudes among Spanish general population: Psychometric properties of the anti‐fat attitudes scale

Do Registered Dietitians, Nutrition Students, and Laypeople Perceive Individuals with Obesity Differently?

Patient Recommendations for Providers to Avoid Stigmatizing Weight in Rural-Based Women With Low Income

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