“…The other suppression techniques used so far in previous studies about serial dependence (i.e., backward masking and binocular rivalry) also involved the suppression of V1 signals but had different suppression mechanisms ( Fornaciai & Park, 2019 ; Fornaciai & Park, 2021 ; Kim et al, 2020 ). Backward masking influences visual awareness by disrupting reentrant processing in V1 from higher visual areas (e.g., Boehler, Schoenfeld, Heinze, & Hopf, 2008 ; Fahrenfort, Scholte, & Lamme, 2007 ; Nakashima, Kanazawa, & Yamaguchi, 2021 ), whereas binocular rivalry does so by initiating interocular competition among monocular neurons in V1 (e.g., Blake, 1989 ; Carlson et al, 2023 ; Tong & Engel, 2001 ). Direct future work is to investigate whether the orientation BOLD signal could display serial dependence effects under a CFS-masking condition.…”