Does the sexual double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women

Milhausen, Robin R.; Herold, Edward S.

doi:10.1080/00224499909552008

Cited by 153 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, one's sexual schema can be influenced by a number of sexual experiences, including age of sexual intercourse debut (Haavio-Mannila & Kontula, 1997;Sprecher, Barbee, & Schwartz, 1995), early non-intercourse sexual experience (Davis & Lay-Yee, 1999), number of sexual partners, exclusivity within a sexual relationship (Waite & Joyner, 2001), and importance of sex (Byers, 2005). Attitudes about gender-typical sexual behavior may also impact future sexual activity (Milhausen & Herold, 1999). Finally, it has been thought that women with dyspareunia are more likely to have experienced sexual abuse, although retrospective reports fail to support this assertion (see Dunne & Najman, 2005).…”

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Predictors of Genital Pain in Young Women

2007

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Despite the high prevalence of genital pain in healthy young adult women, limited research has addressed genital pain during intercourse using contemporary models of multidimensional sexual function. The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to identify differences in sexual functioning in women who experience genital pain compared to pain free women; (2) to identify predictors of sexual functioning in women with and without genital pain; and (3) to identify predictors of sexual satisfaction in women with and without genital pain. Sexually active female undergraduates (n = 651) were administered the Female Sexual Function Index and the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory. We evaluated the sexual factors that impact the sexual function of women with any pain (including high and low pain groups) versus women with no history of pain. Women with genital pain reported greater rates of sexual dysfunction as compared to pain-free women; however, sexual functioning in the high versus low pain groups was distinguished primarily by vaginal lubrication. Women in the high pain group showed negative correlations between domains of sexual satisfaction and genital pain frequency and intensity that were not found in the low pain group. For pain-free women, intercourse played a strong role in sexual satisfaction, whereas non-intercourse sexual behavior was central to sexual satisfaction in women who reported pain. The evaluation of levels of genital pain may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the impairment of sexual function, sexual behavior, and sexual satisfaction. KeywordsGenital pain; Dyspareunia; Female sexual dysfunction; Sexual satisfaction; Sexual communication IntroductionContemporary models of female sexual response reflect the intercept of multiple dimensions of sexuality (Basson, 2001). Whereas sexual desire and arousal have often been the focus of these revised conceptualizations of sexual function, little attention has been given to the impact of different levels of genital pain (but see Abarbanel, 1978). This omission is surprising in light of the 15-20% of the female population aged 18-29 who experience dyspareunia (Laumann, Paik, & Rosen, 1999;Mercer et al., 2003). Dyspareunia is defined as the experience of pain during sexual intercourse and/or nonsexual pain with vaginal penetration (Binik, 2005). The symptom of pain in dyspareunia may be caused by multiple disease states, including underlying infection, allergies, muscle tension, hormone NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript deregulation, genital abnormalities, endometriosis or tissue damage following pelvic injury or surgery (Basson et al., 2004). Although women with dyspareunia may have pain with localized or generalized genital contact, the most common type of dyspareunia is Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome (VVS, also known as vestibulodynia), or pain concentrated at the vaginal vestibule (Friedman, 1995).In addition to the physical pain, dyspareunia may result in a cascade of psychological, s...

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Predictors of Genital Pain in Young Women

2007

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“…Veja-se o seguinte exemplo: no período anterior à liberalização das atitudes e dos comportamentos sexuais, que ocorreu no início da década de 1960, ainda permanecia vigente nas sociedades do Ocidente um tipo de atitude sexual assente no duplo padrão sexual pré-marital, que se traduzia pela permissividade atribuída exclusivamente aos homens para se envolverem em relações sexuais antes do casamento, sendo que à mulher era concedida uma menor liber-dade sexual, acompanhada de uma severa restrição na prática de determinados comportamentos sexuais (Bettelheim, 1989;Hite, 2002;Reiss, 1964 (Gentry & College, 1998), apontaram para o declínio do duplo padrão sexual pré-marital, na sua forma clássica (ver definição apresentada no parágrafo anterior). No entanto, o suporte empírico (Alferes, 1997;Gentry et al, 1998;Herold & Mewhinney, 1993;Milhausen & Herold, 1999;Vasconcelos, 1998) continua a sugerir que o duplo padrão sexual existe nas sociedades actuais, pelo menos, na sua forma condicional. Este padrão admite que a sexualidade pré-marital pode ser vivida por ambos os géneros desde que exista um envolvimento afectivo, no entanto, os homens (mais do que as mulheres) continuam a envolver--se na prática de relações sexuais sem existir um sentimento afectivo implícito.…”

Section: Tomando Como Referência De Base a Teoria Dos Scripts Sexuaisunclassified

“…Todavia os resultados das investigações realizadas nos últimos anos suscitam alguma controvérsia no que se refere à presença de algum tipo de duplo padrão sexual nas sociedades actuais (Alferes, 1997;Gentry et al, 1998;Mark & Miller, 1986;Milhausen & Herold, 1999, 2001. Assim, uma parte das investigações recentes sublinham que os comportamentos sexuais femininos e masculinos tendem a convergir para um padrão sexual singular assente na igualdade de oportunidades sexuais para ambos os géneros, ou seja, as mesmas actividades sexuais são aceites tanto para os rapazes como para as raparigas.…”

Section: Tomando Como Referência De Base a Teoria Dos Scripts Sexuaisunclassified

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Atitudes e comportamentos sexuais de mulheres universitárias: A hipótese do duplo padrão sexual

Ramos¹,

Carvalho

Leal

2012

Análise Psicológica

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No presente artigo é apresentado um estudo exploratório sobre a percepção das jovens universitárias em relação às modificações registadas nos padrões de comportamento sexual pré-marital. O objectivo desta investigação centrava-se não só no pensamento individual realizado por cada inquirida em relação às atitudes e comportamentos sexuais desempenhados por cada um dos géneros, como também na percepção das inquiridas face aos julgamentos sociais efectuados em relação às atitudes e comportamentos sexuais praticados por ambos os géneros. Para tal efeito servimo-nos do Questionário de Avaliação do Duplo Padrão Sexual (Milhausen & Herold, 2001), que foi preenchido por 142 participantes do sexo feminino, solteiras, de orientação heterossexual e com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 24 anos. As conclusões obtidas na presente investigação mostram-nos que a maioria das jovens mulheres inquiridas aprovam um script sexual caracterizado por um padrão de comportamento sexual singular aplicado a ambos os géneros, apesar de percepcionarem a existência de julgamentos, efectuados pelos outros membros da sociedade, que valorizam o duplo padrão sexual.

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“…En muchas sociedades a los hombres se les refuerza por buscar y participar en la actividad sexual, mientras que a las mujeres por limitar su actividad sexual al compromiso y a las relaciones basadas en el amor (Sprecher, Regan, McKinney, Maxwell y Wazienski, 1997). Esta última teoría ha sido utilizada para explicar la doble moral sexual (Milhausen y Herold, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Comportamientos sexuales convencionales, en solitario, a través de las TIC y no convencionales en jóvenes heterosexuales = Conventional, solitary, via ICT, and unconventional sexual behaviors in heterosexual young people

Molina

Tejada

2017

recs

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Resumen: El objetivo del estudio es analizar diferentes tipos de comportamientos sexuales (CS; convencionales diádicos, en solitario, a través de las TIC y no convencionales) que los jóvenes refieren haber realizado o que podrían realizar, y comparar entre hombres y mujeres. Participaron un total de 886 jóvenes heterosexuales entre 18 y 30 años seleccionados mediante muestreo incidental y bola de nieve. Se les aplicó un cuestionario a través de internet que recogía información sobre CS convencionales diádicos, en solitario, a través de las TIC y no convencionales. Una mayor proporción de hombres que de mujeres realizan CS como la masturbación en solitario, fantasear sexualmente, el cibersexo y el trío. Las diferencias se incrementan (también en sexo anal y sexo en grupo) cuando la posibilidad de realizar los CS en un futuro es considerada. Las diferencias en los CS no convencionales y en el cibersexo podrían estar influidas por la doble moral sexual. Estudios recientes evidencian que la doble moral sexual podría estar desapareciendo en los CS convencionales, pero seguir presente en los CS menos convencionales.Palabras clave: comportamientos sexuales convencionales, comportamientos sexuales en solitario, comportamientos sexuales a través de las TIC, comportamientos sexuales no convencionales, jóvenes heterosexuales. Abstract: The aim of the study is to analyse different types of sexual behaviors (SB; conventional dyadic, solitary, via ICT, and unconventional SB) which young people report having performed or could perform, and to establish a comparison between women and men. A total of 886 heterosexual young people between 18 and 30 years selected by incidental and snowball sampling participated. A questionnaire via internet collecting information about conventional dyadic, solitary, via ICT, and unconventional SB was applied. A higher proportion of men than women perform SB such as solitary masturbation, sexual fantasies, cybersex, and threesome. The differences increase when the possibility of performing SB in the future is considered (also in anal sex and group sex). Unconventional SB and cybersex differences may be influenced by sexual double standards. Recent studies show that the sexual double standards may be disappearing for conventional SB, but may still be present for unconventional SB.Keywords: conventional sexual behaviors, solitary sexual behaviors, sexual behaviors via ICT, unconventional sexual behaviors, heterosexual young people.

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Does the sexual double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women

Cited by 153 publications

References 14 publications

Predictors of Genital Pain in Young Women

Predictors of Genital Pain in Young Women

Atitudes e comportamentos sexuais de mulheres universitárias: A hipótese do duplo padrão sexual

Comportamientos sexuales convencionales, en solitario, a través de las TIC y no convencionales en jóvenes heterosexuales = Conventional, solitary, via ICT, and unconventional sexual behaviors in heterosexual young people

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