Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review

Shad, Brandon J.; Thompson, Janice L.; Breen, Leigh

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016

Cited by 87 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Eight of 21 studies showed significant differences between younger and older adults regarding the effects of protein or amino acid administration on muscle protein synthesis. The other 13 studies did not indicate a difference between younger and older subjects [34].…”

Section: Adults 65 Years Of Age and Oldermentioning

confidence: 85%

Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein

Richter¹,

Baerlocher

Bauer

et al. 2019

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: Following a timely update process, the nutrition societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (D-A-CH) revised the reference values for the intake of protein in 2017. The Working Group conducted a structured literature search in PubMed considering newly published papers (2000– 2017). Summary: For infants < 4 months, the estimated values were set based on the protein intake via breast milk. Reference values for infants > 4 months, children, adolescents, pregnant, and lactating women were calculated using the factorial method considering both requirement for growth and maintenance. For adults, reference values were derived from nitrogen balance studies; for seniors (> 65 years), reports on metabolic and functional parameters under various protein intakes were additionally considered. Reference values (g protein/kg body weight per day) were set as follows: infants < 4 months: 2.5–1.4, children: 1.3–0.8, adults < 65 years: 0.8, adults > 65 years: 1.0. Key Messages: The reference values for infants, children, adolescents, and adults < 65 years are essentially unchanged compared to recently published values. Scientifically reliable data published between 2000 and 2017 guided the D-A-CH Working Group to set a higher estimated value for adults > 65 years. Since the energy consumption continuously decreases with age, this new estimated protein intake value might be a challenge for the introduction of food-based nutrition concepts for older people.

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Section: Adults 65 Years Of Age and Oldermentioning

confidence: 85%

Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein

Richter¹,

Baerlocher

Bauer

et al. 2019

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…Anabolic resistance is the failure of normal anabolic stimuli to induce net protein synthesis. Such a response occurs, although by different mechanisms, in the elderly and in stressed ICU patients 9 , 10 . Primary drivers of anabolic resistance are thought to include splanchnic sequestration of amino acids, decreased availability of amino acids to muscle and possibly other organs, and a blunted anabolic response to the provision of amino acids 9 , 10 …”

Section: Protein Kinetics and Metabolic Effects Related To Disease Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the International Protein Summit

et al. 2017

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The International Protein Summit in 2016 brought experts in clinical nutrition and protein metabolism together from around the globe to determine the impact of high-dose protein administration on clinical outcomes and address barriers to its delivery in the critically ill patient. It has been suggested that high doses of protein in the range of 1.2-2.5 g/kg/d may be required in the setting of the intensive care unit (ICU) to optimize nutrition therapy and reduce mortality. While incapable of blunting the catabolic response, protein doses in this range may be needed to best stimulate new protein synthesis and preserve muscle mass. Quality of protein (determined by source, content and ratio of amino acids, and digestibility) affects nutrient sensing pathways such as the mammalian target of rapamycin. Achieving protein goals the first week following admission to the ICU should take precedence over meeting energy goals. High-protein hypocaloric (providing 80%-90% of caloric requirements) feeding may evolve as the best strategy during the initial phase of critical illness to avoid overfeeding, improve insulin sensitivity, and maintain body protein homeostasis, especially in the patient at high nutrition risk. This article provides a set of recommendations based on assessment of the current literature to guide healthcare professionals in clinical practice at this time, as well as a list of potential topics to guide investigators for purposes of research in the future.

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“…Recent reevaluations of the protein requirements with the use of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique suggest that nitrogen balance methodology may underestimate protein needs by as much as 30% (13,14). There is also evidence of anabolic resistance in the elderly, whereby skeletal muscle synthesis in response to ingested protein is suppressed at any given ingested dose, relative to younger individuals (15)(16)(17). With this uncertainty, protein intakes of up to twice the current RDA (2RDA) have been recommended as optimal for older adults at risk of sarcopenia (18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of dietary protein intake on appendicular lean mass and muscle function in elderly men: a 10-wk randomized controlled trial

Mitchell

Milan

Mitchell

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

106

116

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, aimed to balance energy needs. Before treatment and after 10 wk of intervention, whole-body and appendicular lean mass were measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Knee-extension peak power was measured with dynamometry. Results: Both groups were found to have been in a moderate negative energy balance (mean 6 SD RDA: 209 6 213 kcal/d; 2RDA 145 6 214 kcal/d; P = 0.427 for difference between the groups). In comparison with RDA, whole-body lean mass increased in 2RDA (P = 0.001; 1.49 6 1.30 kg, P , 0.001 compared with 20.55 6 1.49 kg, P = 0.149). This difference was mostly accounted for by an increase in trunk lean mass found in 2RDA (+1.39 6 1.09 kg, P , 0.001). Appendicular lean mass also decreased in RDA compared with 2RDA (P = 0.022), driven by a reduction in RDA (20.64 6 0.91 kg, P = 0.005 compared with 0.11 6 0.57 kg, P = 0.592). Adjusting for energy imbalances did not alter these findings. Knee-extension peak power was also differently affected (P = 0.012; 26.6 6 47.7 W, P = 0.015 in 2RDA compared with 211.7 6 31.0 W, P = 0.180 in RDA). Conclusions: Consumption of a diet providing 2RDA for protein compared with the current guidelines was found to have beneficial effects on lean body mass and leg power in elderly men. These effects were not explained by differences in energy balance. This trial was registered at the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12616000310460.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:1375-83.

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Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review

Cited by 87 publications

References 115 publications

Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein

Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein

Summary Points and Consensus Recommendations From the International Protein Summit

The effects of dietary protein intake on appendicular lean mass and muscle function in elderly men: a 10-wk randomized controlled trial

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