Does the implicit outcomes expectancies shape learning and memory processes?

Carmona, Isabel; Marı́-Beffa, Paloma; Estévez, Ángeles F.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.007

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Furthermore, in both cases, the activation of the angular gyrus of the posterior parietal cortex was observed, indicating its involvement in prospective memory. A recent study has also demonstrated that, as the two-memory system model suggests, this prospective memory is largely implicit [51]. In fact, participants showed a better visual recognition memory when the DOP was applied regardless of whether the outcomes or the sample stimuli were presented under subliminal (non-conscious) or supraliminal (conscious) conditions.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 95%

Enhanced learning and retention of medical information in Alzheimer’s disease after differential outcomes training

et al. 2020

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Background Adherence to treatment is a crucial factor for patients who have chronic illnesses or multiple morbidities and polypharmacy, which is frequently found in older adults. The non-adherence to medications has important economic and social consequences as well as impacts on the health of the patients. One of the reasons that can explain the low adherence to treatment, is the memory deficits that are characteristics of this population and that are even more evident in cases that involve neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 95%

Enhanced learning and retention of medical information in Alzheimer’s disease after differential outcomes training

et al. 2020

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“…Mental rotation was assessed with a task designed using the E‐Prime 2.0 software (Psychology Software Tools, 2007), adapted from Carmona, Marí‐Beffa and Estévez (2019). The stimuli were displayed over a black background and consisted in 436‐pixel‐diameter circles with a white outline that was segmented into 16 equal portions (two of them colored white) by eight radial lines, which were also white (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental rotation and schizotypal personality traits: A Bayesian approach

García-Pérez

González‐Rodríguez

Godoy-Giménez

et al. 2022

Scandinavian J Psychology

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People diagnosed with schizophrenia exhibit mental rotation differences, suggesting that clinical levels of positive symptoms, such as psychotic hallucinations, are related to disruptions in their monitoring and manipulation of mental representations. According to the psychosis continuum, findings in people with a high level of schizotypal personality traits are expected to be qualitatively similar, but research concerning this topic is scarce. A spared mental imagery manipulation in this population only could suggest that this ability might be a possible protective factor, or that the emergence of clinical‐level positive symptoms could be paired with disruptions in this capacity. To explore this issue, 205 undergraduate students (122 women) completed a novel mental rotation task identifying the stimulus that was a 90, 180, or 270° rotation of a black circle with colored portions and were assessed with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Men performed better in most conditions. No relationship was detected between schizotypal personality traits and accuracy in the task. These results do not support that mental imagery manipulation disruptions may be related to schizotypal personality traits in non‐clinical populations. Thus, they might instead be associated with the onset of psychosis disorders as mental representation handling is hindered. However, additional research is required including the general population, as well as those with higher levels of psychotic symptoms and psychosis disorders. Future research could also focus on working memory processes related to mental representation manipulations of different sensory modalities such as auditory mental representations and their relationship with schizotypal personality traits and clinical populations.

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“…2 and Fig. 3), designed with AutoCAD software (Autodesk Software, 2010) by Carmona et al (2019b). The sample stimuli were white geometrical shapes designed for the occasion.…”

Section: Settings and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to revealing the usefulness of the DOP, another major goal has been to identify the circumstances under which the advantage of the DOP over NOP emerges. For example, some studies have reported a modulation of the DOE by task di culty (e.g., Estévez, Vivas, Alonso, Marí-Beffa, Fuentes, & Overmier, 2007; Plaza et al, 2011), and other studies have shown that it is not necessary to have conscious experience of the stimuli involved for the bene t of DOP to occur (e.g., Carmona et al, 2019b; Carmona, Ortells, Fuentes, Kiefer, & Estévez, 2020). However, to our knowledge, no studies have addressed how participants select the relevant stimulus in the presence of irrelevant stimuli in the DOP context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Eye Movement Analysis of Differential Outcomes Training: The Role of Inhibition

Plaza

Tannion

Arnal

et al. 2022

Preprint

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When differential outcomes follow correct responses to each of multiple to-be-learned associations between a sample stimulus and a comparison stimulus (the differential outcomes procedure, DOP), performance is significantly better in comparison with when the associated stimuli and the outcomes are matched randomly (the non-differential outcomes procedure, NOP). In the present study we aimed to explore the effects of using the DOP versus the NOP in participants performing an eye-movement version of the matching-to-sample task. In the first phase, participants were presented with a sample stimulus followed by an associated comparison stimulus, and then a third stimulus served as the outcome that was presented according to the DOP or NOP scheme. In the second phase, after the sample stimulus, a comparison stimulus display was presented containing the associated stimulus (i.e., the relevant stimulus associated with the sample stimulus), the non-associated stimulus (i.e., the irrelevant stimulus associated with the other sample stimulus), and two distractor stimuli. Eye movements were recorded for each type of comparison stimulus. When we compared the pattern of eye movements between the DOP and NOP, we observed a tendency to produce a lower number of refixations to the associated comparison stimulus and a significant higher number of refixations to the non-associated and distractor comparison stimuli in the DOP compared to the NOP. These results suggest that in the first phase of the DOP, during each sample-comparison trial, the non-presented sample-comparison pair was inhibited, requiring more glances for identification during the second phase. Here we provide first evidence for the role of inhibitory processes in the context of the DOP.

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Does the implicit outcomes expectancies shape learning and memory processes?

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Enhanced learning and retention of medical information in Alzheimer’s disease after differential outcomes training

Enhanced learning and retention of medical information in Alzheimer’s disease after differential outcomes training

Mental rotation and schizotypal personality traits: A Bayesian approach

An Eye Movement Analysis of Differential Outcomes Training: The Role of Inhibition

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