“…In the last two decades there has been an explosion of studies on "school effectiveness" (Rutter, Maughan, Mortimore & Ouston, 1979;Mortimore, Sammons, Stoll, Lewis & Ecob, 1988a;Gray, McPherson & Raffe, 1983;Ainley & Sheret, 1992;Creemers & Lugthart, 1989;Creemers & Scheerens, 1989) and these have yielded remarkably similar findings. Although their designs have been criticised in terms of scope and methodology (Clark, Lotto & Astuto, 1984;Murphy, 1985;Good & Brophy, 1986a;Bosker & Scheerens, 1989;Raudenbusch, 1989;Rutter, 1983) the fact that the studies have taken place in several different countries, with children in primary as well as secondary education, and on children from a wide range of social backgrounds all give support to the claim that school exerts a strong influence on development.…”