Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?

Rudnik, Daria; Rejman, Marek; Machado, Leandro; Fernandes, Ricardo J.; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo

doi:10.3390/ijerph19052722

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The advantages provided by OSB starting blocks or their platforms lie in the rear support and its adjustment, which allows displacement in five positions. This change in the start block has led to some research [ 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 12 , 13 , 20 ], which have addressed the adjustment of the backrest or the change of the base position on the start block, which affect the kinematic–dynamic parameters in the on-start block phase, the kinematic parameters in the flight and underwater phases, as well as the take-off performance itself. For example, a study by Cicenia et al [ 21 ] looked at the use of shin length as a measure to determine cleat position and its effect on performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we can distinguish three basic positions in the base position on the start block-front-, neutral-, and rear-weighted [ 1 , 15 , 25 , 26 ], with neutral-weighted and weighted being confirmed in some studies [ 1 , 5 , 9 ]. A change in baseline position can directly affect performance on the start block (block time), either positively or negatively [ 2 , 4 , 24 , 27 ], or there may be no difference at all [ 6 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three positions were monitored—front, neutral, and back. In most studies, shorter times were measured at 5 m, 7.5 m, and 15 m, respectively, at neutral-weighted or rear-weighted positions [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In the study by Burkhardt et al [ 11 ], the positioning of the lower limbs in the base position on the starting block did not show differences in the base position used between the stronger lower limb on the front edge or on the backrest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Foot Placement in the Basic Position on the Start Block OSB12 of Young Competitive Swimmers

Matúš,

Vadašová,

Eliaš

et al. 2024

Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The basic position on the starting block can influence the performance at the start, as it is the initial phase on which the other phases depend, as well as the swimming performance in sprint events in all swimming styles. The aim of our study is to analyze the effect of the foot in the base position on the block start on performance in the 5 m distance start. Material and Methods: Fifteen performance swimmers aged 17 ± 2 years were tested in their preferred wide and narrow starting positions, performing a total of six starts during which angular, temporal, and length changes were monitored in block, flight, and underwater phases. Fisher individual tests for differences of means were used to determine differences in kinematic parameters of the kick start to the 5 m distance. Differences in the position of the feet in kinematic parameters of the kick start to the 5 m distance were determined using the two-sample t-test with equal variance and effect size by Cohen’s d. Results: Swimmers were found to have significant differences (p < 0.05) between foot widths in block time (0.02 s), time to 2 m (0.05 s), flight and glide time and distance, maximal depth, and time to 5 m (0.08) in favor of the narrow baseline position. Conclusions: We recommend marking the center of the start block on the OSB or OSB platform for the competitors, as well as the center of the backrest, for better orientation and assuming the correct basic foot position on the start block.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Foot Placement in the Basic Position on the Start Block OSB12 of Young Competitive Swimmers

Matúš,

Vadašová,

Eliaš

et al. 2024

Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The variables selected for further analysis are described in Table 1 . These variables are also included on a regular basis in studies evaluating swimming starts ( Tor et al, 2014 ; de Jesus et al, 2022 ; Rudnik et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The kinematic profile of ventral swimming start: sex diversity

Rudnik,

Rejman,

Vilas-Boas

2023

Front. Physiol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has been suggested that sex distinctions in physiology may affect the swimming performance of each sex differently. Yet, sex-based performance dependency has not been taken into consideration by most of the researchers evaluating swimming start. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the effect of sex heterogeneity on the spatiotemporal characteristics of swimming start by investigating the determinants of its performance. A total of fifty-two international-level swimmers (thirty females and twenty-two males) performed three repetitions of the kick-start up to the 15-m mark. During trials, data were collected using video cameras and instrumented starting block. To search for evidence of differences between the two groups, the one-way ANOVA was conducted. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between measurements widely used to describe overall starting performance and selected kinematical variables of swimming start. A sex effect was exposed for temporal variables describing all swimming start phases (p ≤ 0.015). Male swimmers, by spending less time during the push-off from the starting block (p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.18), reaching higher take-off velocity (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.29), traveling longer distances during flight (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.40), and swimming faster in the water phase (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.40), took starting advantage over their female counterparts. Consequently, performance measures such as 5-m, 10-m, and 15-m start times indicated that male participants were faster than females (p < 0.001; ηp2 ≥ 0.40). Only in the group of male swimmers a significant correlation between variables describing overall starting performance (5-m, 10-m, and 15-m times), and variables commonly highlighted as starting performance determining factors (block phase duration, take-off horizontal velocity, and flight distance) was found. The current study shows that the spatiotemporal variables of swimming start, the relation between them as well as overall starting performance, vary by sex. Consequently, the requirement of sex factor and its heterogeneity effect should be included not only in detailed characteristics of separate variables but also in all approaches undertaken. Those findings seem to play a crucial role mainly in swimming start evaluations in post-pubertal age groups of swimmers.

show abstract

“…Investigations on swimming start have been developed based on different concerns, mainly to understand the kinematic and kinetic variables of the foregoing start styles [6,9,10,11]. For instance, studies have shown that (i) grab start involves greater flight displacement [12] and smaller reaction [13,14] than track start; (ii) reduced block time depends on the increase in the vertical and horizontal velocities in the grab and track starts, respectively [15]; (iii) effective starts are related to the higher peaks of force [16,17]; and (iv) training improves the peak horizontal force, velocity of takeoff, and block and flight times [18,19]. Currently, the track start has been seen as a more efficient than grab start [20].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and reliability of an assessment instrument of track start in swimming

Madureira

Gomes

Oliveira

et al. 2023

ppcs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and Study Aim. The development and validation of assessment instruments are essential procedures for any professional intervention, including in physical education and sports contexts. This study aimed to provide a component-based assessment instrument for track start in swimming. It refers to the act of starting the competitive swim by diving into the water from a raised block (platform) at the edge of the pool. Material and Methods. The content validity involved the participation of sixty-three experienced swimming coaches. They completed a questionnaire about their degree of agreement (Likert scale) with the initial position, impulsion, flight, and entry into the water as the track start's components. Reliability and construct validity involved the participation of seven experienced swimming coaches. The first was verified through test-retest (intrarater) and reproducibility (interrater) procedures. The latter was tested by considering the instrument's ability to assess different track start performances. Results. The concordant answers (strongly agree and agree) ranged from 63% to 95%, with most components above 80%. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) results show from good to excellent interrater and intrarater reliabilities. Specifically, the interrater correlations in the test and intrarater correlations in track start 1 were revealed excellent. In addition, the interrater correlations in the retest and intrarater correlations in track start 2 were revealed good. Conclusions. The obtained validities and reliabilities made possible a component-based assessment instrument that allows: (i) a clear and standardized structure of track start in swimming involving the initial position, impulsion, flight, and entry into the water; (ii) accessing to the practitioners’ states in relation to desired start performance; and (iii) a reference for coaches and teachers to provide instruction and feedback for learning and performance improvement.

show abstract

Does the Back Plate Position Influence Swimming Start Temporal Characteristics?

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Foot Placement in the Basic Position on the Start Block OSB12 of Young Competitive Swimmers

Foot Placement in the Basic Position on the Start Block OSB12 of Young Competitive Swimmers

The kinematic profile of ventral swimming start: sex diversity

Validity and reliability of an assessment instrument of track start in swimming

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About