Does Telescoping Exist in Male and Female Gamblers? Does It Matter?

Organ‐on‐a‐Chip Systems for Women's Health Applications

“…“Sex” is defined as a person's biological status, i.e., male or female, whereas the term ‘gender’ describes the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men . Thus, while gender is a social concept, sex is genetically established at conception and represents an essential aspect in all cellular and physiological functions .…”

“…With regard to sex differences in the pharmacological response to drugs, women experience more adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than men . One of the underlying roots of the higher ADR prevalence in women might be a different mode of interaction of xenobiotics with human female reproductive hormones and their associated receptors .…”

“…One of the underlying roots of the higher ADR prevalence in women might be a different mode of interaction of xenobiotics with human female reproductive hormones and their associated receptors . It is postulated that important ADRs might have been discovered by a representation of females in preclinical research …”

“…Recently, however, various acts amending the imbalance of sexes arose; there is progress in government‐funded research: consideration of sex as a biological variable (SABV) is now firmly established in the design of research. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), for example, requires grant applications to account SABV in vertebrate animals and human studies and a detailed justification in case of single‐sex studies . Moreover, there is progress on part of the reporting of research: publishers and journals, such as the American Physiological Society (APS) and Endocrinology, have changed their author‐guidelines making it mandatory to report the sex of animals and cells .…”

“…One example emphasizing the severity of the disregard of sex differences in drug development is the story of the substance thalidomide, also known as “Contergan.” The devastating effects of the drug are often regarded as “biggest man‐made medical disaster”: In the late 1950s, Contergan was released by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal to treat morning sickness in pregnant women . However, its intake led to embryopathy of the unborn children; over 10 000 severe birth defects, especially limb malformations, were recorded and the rates of miscarriage and still birth drastically increased under the influence of Contergan .…”