Does smoking affect thyroid gland enlargement and nodule formation in iodine-sufficient regions?

Karatoprak, Cumali; Kartal, Ilkay; Kayataş, Kadir; Özdemir, Abdulhamit; Yolbaş, Servet; Meriç, Kaan; Demirtunç, Refik

doi:10.1016/j.ando.2012.09.008

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Mean T3 concentrations in female smokers and nonsmokers were significantly lower compared to levels in male smokers and nonsmokers, respectively. A previous study on female[ 38 ] and male[ 7 38 ] cigarette smokers showed that smoking has no effect on T3 and T4 concentrations, which is in agreement with this study, whereas other studies[ 39 40 ] observed that female and male cigarette smokers have higher T3 and T4 levels than nonsmokers. A study carried out on rats exposed to WP smoke[ 41 ] found that serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly increased compared to control rats.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Water pipe smoking affects young females and males differently with some effects on immune system cells, but none for C-reactive protein, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D

Mahassni

Alajlany

2020

J Pharm Bioall Sci

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Introduction: Water pipe smoking (WPS) is a major health threat leading to higher mortality, morbidity, and incidence of many diseases, such as inflammatory, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; and cancers. This study aimed to determine the differences in the effects of WPS on the immune system, inflammatory markers, lipids, vitamin D, and thyroid hormones in female and male WP smokers, and compared to nonsmokers of both sexes. No other studies showed the differences between female and male WP smokers for the parameters investigated here, with the exception of the lipid profile. Methodology: The study was carried on 76 randomly chosen subjects (17 female and 17 male WP smokers, 21 female and 21 male nonsmokers) living in Saudi Arabia with an age range of 20–35 years. Blood samples were collected to determine the differential complete blood counts; lipid profiles; and C-reactive protein, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and vitamin D concentrations. Results: Results showed no significant differences between female smokers and nonsmokers for all parameters. Male smokers had a significantly lower mean monocytes count and a significantly higher mean red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration compared to male nonsmokers. Comparing females and males among smokers and nonsmokers separately, the only significant difference in the parameters that was not found in both comparisons was a significantly lower mean basophil count in female nonsmokers compared to male nonsmokers. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the effects of WPS were limited to males with immune cells and hematology minimally affected, and that females and males were affected differently by WPS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Water pipe smoking affects young females and males differently with some effects on immune system cells, but none for C-reactive protein, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D

Mahassni

Alajlany

2020

J Pharm Bioall Sci

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“…The association with multinodularity was also not statistically significant following salt iodization [ 43 ]. Karatoprak et al [ 44 ] observed that smoking had no effect on TN formation in iodine-sufficient regions like Istanbul. Furthermore, well-designed studies taking the amount and duration of smoking into account should be conducted to fully elucidate this relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities

Jiang

Tian

Yan

et al. 2016

IJERPH

112

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Thyroid nodules (TNs) have annual increasing trends worldwide, and large-scale investigations on the prevalence of TNs in Beijing communities have not been conducted since the introduction of salt iodization in 1995. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of TNs, their epidemiological characteristics, and their correlation with lifestyle factors. A total of 6324 permanent residents aged 18 years or older (mean age, 52.15 ± 11.58 years) from seven representative communities in Beijing were included in the analyses. Once informed consent was obtained, the subjects were asked to complete questionnaires, a physical examination, and thyroid ultrasound. A total of 3100 cases had TNs. The overall prevalence rate was 49.0%, and the age-standardized prevalence was 40.1%, which increased significantly as age increased (p < 0.001). The prevalence was significantly higher in females compared to males (p < 0.001), and it was significantly higher among female current smokers and former smokers compared to non-smokers (p = 0.007). There was no correlation between alcohol consumption and TNs, and there were no significant differences in the prevalence among different groups of taste preference. The prevalence decreased with an increased frequency of seafood intake (p = 0.015) and with higher literacy levels (p < 0.001). The Cochran–Armitage trend test showed that the prevalence significantly increased with decreased physical labor and exercise intensity (p < 0.001, p = 0.009). Logistic regression analysis showed that age (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.039 (1.034–1.044), p < 0.001), the female sex (OR = 1.789 (1.527–2.097)), Body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.019 (1.005–1.034)), and current smoking habits (OR = 1.246 (1.046–1.483)) were independent risk factors for TNs. Our findings indicate that there is a high prevalence of TNs in Beijing, with a higher prevalence in females than in males. Moreover, the prevalence increases as age increases. Smoking and BMI are independent risk factors for TNs. Therefore, intervention against smoking and weight loss might help reduce the risk of TN occurrence.

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“…In a large cohort of parous Swedish women, smoking was also associated with nontoxic goitre and nodules – HR 1·26 (1·14–1·38) – but a dose–response effect was not observed . In a moderately iodine‐deficient area of Turkey, heavy smoking was associated with increased prevalence of thyroid multinodularity and goitre as compared to moderate smoking, but in iodine‐sufficient Istanbul, smoking did not affect significantly goitre development or nodule formation …”

Section: Smoking and Nontoxic Goitrementioning

confidence: 95%

“…In contrast, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were not related to thyroid volume (9·9 ml in men and 6·6 ml in women) in the population of Barcelona where iodine intake is sufficient . Likewise, smoking was not related to thyroid volume in iodine‐sufficient Istanbul, but positively related to thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin in iodine‐deficient Denmark (with strongest associations in areas with lowest iodine intake) . The difference in thyroid volume between heavy smokers and nonsmokers in Denmark was reduced from 24% before to 12% after mandatory salt iodization in 2000 .…”

Section: Smoking and Thyroid Size In The Adult Populationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Smoking and thyroid

Wiersinga

2013

Clinical Endocrinology

326

227

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SummaryCurrent smoking in population surveys is associated with a slight dose-dependent fall of serum TSH, likely secondary to a rise of serum FT4 and FT3 induced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system; it is independent of iodine intake. In contrast, the slightly greater thyroid size in smokers is observed in iodine-deficient but not in iodine-sufficient areas and caused by competitive inhibition of thyroidal iodide uptake by thiocyanate. Smokers have an increased prevalence of nontoxic goitre and thyroid multinodularity, at least in iodine-deficient areas. Current smoking reduces dose dependently the risk of thyroid cancer, which is more pronounced for papillary than for follicular types; the risk in former smokers approaches that of never smokers. The lower TSH and lower body mass index in smokers might contribute to this reduced risk. Current smoking lowers the risk of developing thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies and subclinical and overt autoimmune hypothyroidism; the effect is dose dependent, but disappears within 3 years after quitting smoking. There is evidence from an animal model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis that anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine are involved. In contrast, smoking is a dose-dependent risk factor for Graves' hyperthyroidism and especially for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Smoking is related to a higher recurrence rate of Graves' hyperthyroidism, a higher risk on Graves' ophthalmopathy after 131I therapy and a less favourable outcome of GO treatment with steroids or retrobulbar irradiation. The observed associations with smoking likely indicate causal relationships in view of consistent associations across studies, the presence of dose-response effects and disappearance of associations after cessation of smoking.

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Does smoking affect thyroid gland enlargement and nodule formation in iodine-sufficient regions?

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Water pipe smoking affects young females and males differently with some effects on immune system cells, but none for C-reactive protein, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D

Water pipe smoking affects young females and males differently with some effects on immune system cells, but none for C-reactive protein, thyroid hormones, and vitamin D

The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and an Analysis of Related Lifestyle Factors in Beijing Communities

Smoking and thyroid

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