Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion

Eisenberger, Naomi I.; Lieberman, Matthew D.; Williams, Kipling D.

doi:10.1126/science.1089134

Cited by 3,083 publications

(2,268 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Most importantly in terms of the pain of paying, however, we found that activation in the insula during the period when subjects first saw the price correlated negatively with purchasing decisions (figure 2c). Insula activation has previously been observed in connection with aversive stimuli such as disgusting odours (Wicker et al 2003), unfairness (Sanfey et al 2003) and social exclusion (Eisenberger et al 2003). These results support the idea that when the delayed costs of immediate indulgence are not explicitly represented (as in, e.g.…”

Section: Spending and Savingsupporting

confidence: 75%

Intangibility in intertemporal choice

Rick

Loewenstein

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Since the advent of the discounted utility (DU) model, economists have thought about intertemporal choice in very specific terms. DU assumes that people make explicit trade-offs between costs and benefits occurring at different points in time. While this explicit trade-off perspective is simple and tractable, and has stimulated productive research, it does not provide a very realistic representation of a wide range of the most important intertemporal trade-offs that people face in daily life. If one considers the most important and commonly discussed examples of intertemporal choices, a striking pattern emerges: in almost all cases, early outcomes tend to be concrete (e.g. purchasing this latte), but later outcomes tend to be much less tangible (e.g. the unknown item that could have been purchased later with the money spent on this latte). We propose that people rely on anticipatory emotions as a proxy for intangible outcomes when trade-offs are implicit. This paper reviews neuroeconomic evidence that has begun to elucidate the role of anticipatory emotions in decisions involving intangible outcomes. Although most progress has been made in the domain of spending and saving, we discuss how the existing neuroeconomic research could be extended to other domains where trade-offs are ill defined.Keywords: neuroeconomics; behavioural economics; intertemporal choice; tangibility; consumer behaviourThe qualities most useful to ourselves are, first of all, superior reasons and understanding, by which we are capable of discerning the remote consequences of all our actions, and of foreseeing the advantage or detriment which is likely to result from them; and, secondly, self-command, by which we are enabled to abstain from present pleasure or to endure present pain, in order to obtain a greater pleasure or to avoid a greater pain in some future time. In the union of those two qualities consists the virtue of prudence, of all the virtues that which is most useful to the individual. Smith (1759Smith ( [1981), pp. 271-272, Theory of moral sentiments.

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Section: Spending and Savingsupporting

confidence: 75%

Intangibility in intertemporal choice

Rick

Loewenstein

2008

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Results showed that adolescents with a history of rejection, compared to their socially accepted counterparts, showed increased activation of the dACC and anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) following such incidental experiences of exclusion. Activation in these regions have been linked to conflict monitoring, expectation violations, physical pain, and social inclusion (Botvinick, Cohen, & Carter, 2004;Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003;Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013;Somerville, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2006). Moreover, higher activation of the dACC and PFC have been linked to rejection sensitivity (Masten et al, 2009).…”

Section: Relationships With Peers and Executive Function Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s Elementary School Social Experience and Executive Functions Development: Introduction to a Special Section

Lier

Deater‐Deckard

2015

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Children's executive functions, encompassing inhibitory control, working memory and attention are vital for their self-regulation. With the transition to formal schooling, children need to learn to manage their emotions and behavior in a new and complex social environment that with age increases in the intensity of social interactions with peers and teachers. Stronger executive functions skills facilitate children's social development. In addition, new experiences in the social environments of school also may influence executive function development. The focus of this special section is on this potential impact of elementary school social experiences with peers and teacher on the development of children's executive functions. The collection of papers encompass various aspects of peer and teacher social environments, and cover broad as well as specific facets and measures of executive functions including neural responses. The collection of papers sample developmental periods that span preschool through mid-adolescence. In this introduction, we summarize and highlight the main findings of each of the papers, organized around social interactions with peers and interactions with teachers. We conclude our synopsis with implications for future research, and a specific focus on prevention and intervention.

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“…Pain includes sensory, affective and evaluative dimensions, whereas emotions can influence the affective dimension (Melzack and Casey, 1968). Recent studies showed a close connection of brain centers that involve pain and emotions (Eisenberger et al, 2003;Koyama et al, 2005;Vogt, 2005). Several authors (de Wied and Verbaten, 2001;Meagher et al, 2001;Rainville et al, 2005) agree that pleasant affective states reduce pain perception, whereas unpleasant affective states exacerbate it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in self-perceived role identity modulate pain perception

Kut

Schaffner

Wittwer

et al. 2007

Pain

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Pain is an experience including physiological and psychological factors. We assume that emotions may be elicited and increased through self-perceived role identity and that change of role identity alters quality and intensity of pain perception. We used role-play strategies to assess whether pain can be better tolerated whenever, in an unavoidable and unpleasant context, role identity confers pain a meaningful and thus suitable character. We induced antithetic roles in 21 actors who received heat stimuli on their arms before and after role-play conditions. Pain tolerance, skin conductance and voice signals were measured. Pain tolerance increased for heroes/heroines and decreased for faint-hearts. Men showed higher pain tolerance. Heroes/heroines evaluated heat stimuli as more intense. Faint-hearts found pain stimuli more affectively loaded at lower temperatures. Women showed higher pain ratings. Hence, self-perception influences pain perception. Role-play strategies may be of value for new pain management strategies. AbstractPain is an experience including physiological and psychological factors. We assume that emotions may be elicited and increased through self-perceived role identity and that change of role identity alters quality and intensity of pain perception. We used role-play strategies to assess whether pain can be better tolerated whenever, in an unavoidable and unpleasant context, role identity confers pain a meaningful and thus suitable character. We induced antithetic roles in 21 actors who received heat stimuli on their arms before and after role-play conditions. Pain tolerance, skin conductance and voice signals were measured. Pain tolerance increased for heroes/heroines and decreased for faint-hearts. Men showed higher pain tolerance. Heroes/heroines evaluated heat stimuli as more intense. Faint-hearts found pain stimuli more affectively loaded at lower temperatures. Women showed higher pain ratings. Hence, self-perception influences pain perception. Role-play strategies may be of value for new pain management strategies. Ó

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Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion

Cited by 3,083 publications

References 21 publications

Intangibility in intertemporal choice

Intangibility in intertemporal choice

Children’s Elementary School Social Experience and Executive Functions Development: Introduction to a Special Section

Changes in self-perceived role identity modulate pain perception

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