Does psi exist? Comments on Milton and Wiseman's (1999) meta-analysis of Ganzfield research.

Storm, Lance; Ertel, Suitbert

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.424

Cited by 40 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Of course, anyone who is familiar with psychology, does not expect that the measured effects show spectacular effect sizes, because the test instructions are rather unclear, not to mention the question of the appropriate talented subjects (see Storm and Ertel 2001) and for that reason problems with replication of such experiments will be expected.…”

Section: Psi-phenomena As Entanglement Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Complex Environmental Reactions, as a New Concept to Describe Spontaneous “Paranormal” Experiences

Lucadou¹

2010

Axiomathes

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A systemic phenomenological model that assumes the movability of the Cartesian cut is proposed and elucidated by means of a single exploratory case study. The model assumes that a continuum from purely psychosomatic disorders to RSPK cases exists. The degree of externalization (locus of control) of the affected person serves as an ordering parameter for the location of the Cartesian cut. It turns out that the dynamics of the disorder develops in four phases, like in the RSPKmodel of the MPI. However, in contrast to the decline phase of the RSPK cases (because of the NT-axiom), CER cases lead to petrification of the complaints.

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Section: Psi-phenomena As Entanglement Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Complex Environmental Reactions, as a New Concept to Describe Spontaneous “Paranormal” Experiences

Lucadou¹

2010

Axiomathes

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“…The non-standard interpretation involves something interpretable as psychic communication. Meta-analyses of extrasensory perception research suggest either a small positive effect 56,57 or none at all. 58,59 There are two specific CAM mechanisms that involve non-standard communication, electromagnetic fields 60 and entanglement.…”

Section: Combining the Two Talesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tale of two therapies: psychotherapy and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the human effect

Hyland

2005

Clinical Medicine

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-Meta-analyses show that psychotherapy and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are effective primarily or entirely due to contextual factors rather than the specific disease-treating factors suggested by the therapy. Therapists are the most important contextual factor. Psychotherapy research shows that therapist effectiveness varies from zero to about 80%, but has failed to identify what makes a good (ie charismatic) therapist. Therapist effects are unrelated to experience or training or type of therapy. The conclusion that CAM and psychotherapy are effective due to the human effect leads to more questions than it answers. We do not know what charismatic therapists communicate to patients, we do not know the mechanism of communication, and we do not know how this communication influences the patient therapeutically. The therapist matters, but how or why we do not know. We need a better understanding of therapist effects, in psychotherapy, in CAM and also amongst physicians. KEY WORDS: CAM, common factors, complementary and alternative medicine, context, efficacy, meta-analysis, psychotherapy, therapist effectsPsychotherapy and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are both popular but controversial therapies and both involve quality therapist-patient contact. The increasing popularity of CAM 1 is matched by a reduction in the use of psychotherapy. 2 Research into psychotherapy is better established: there are about five times as many psychotherapy publications as there are on CAM (Box 1). This paper uses meta-analyses to: (a) draw attention to similarities in the 'research stories' of these two therapies, and (b) come to some conclusions about the human effect in therapy. The psychotherapy research storyIn any psychotherapy, two types of factor can have a therapeutic effect: specific factors and incidental (or non-specific) factors. The specific factors are specific to a particular psychotherapy, they correct the assumed underlying pathology, and are commonly assumed to be the major contributor to therapeutic outcome. For example, in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), the underlying pathology is assumed to be erroneous cognitions, and the specific factors are the therapist-patient interactions that correct those erroneous cognitions. The incidental factors are factors that are incidental to the process of delivering the specific factors. They include emotional contact with the patient, a shared interpretation of the problem, and expectancy of a positive outcome. Because the incidental aspects are common across all psychotherapies, they are also known as common factors.The majority of research in psychotherapy is designed to demonstrate the superiority of one set of specific factors over another or in contrast to the common factors. Many studies demonstrate superiority. However, efficacy research in psychotherapy is confounded by the researcher's allegiance to a therapy (and consequently the therapist's allegiance), and allegiance correlates with outcome. When allegiance is taken into a...

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“…There is documented evidence that this has happened (Storm & Ertel, 2001). Because of this, there is no way of proving or disproving the existence of ESP.…”

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confidence: 99%

All Bachelors are Unmarried Men (p < 0.05)

Smedslund

2006

Qual Quant

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Does psi exist? Comments on Milton and Wiseman's (1999) meta-analysis of Ganzfield research.

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Complex Environmental Reactions, as a New Concept to Describe Spontaneous “Paranormal” Experiences

Complex Environmental Reactions, as a New Concept to Describe Spontaneous “Paranormal” Experiences

A tale of two therapies: psychotherapy and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the human effect

All Bachelors are Unmarried Men (p < 0.05)

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