Does perceived direct gaze boost detection in adults and children with and without autism? The stare-in-the-crowd effect revisited

Senju, Atsushi; Hasegawa, Toshikazu; Tojo, Yoshikuni

doi:10.1080/13506280444000797

Cited by 127 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…For example, a series of studies adopted visual search tasks to test whether human observers are faster to detect a face 13,14 or eyes 15 with direct gaze than those with averted gaze. In these studies, participants are required to judge whether the target image is present or absent among distracters (that are the same images as targets except for their gaze direction).…”

Section: Eye Contact Modulates the Social Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some report that eye contact does not affect the speed or accuracy of the gaze direction detection 13 or neurophysiological response to the face 66 , but others report that individuals with ASD elicit stronger neurophysiological 67,68 and physiological 69 responses for direct than for averted gaze. Recent studies 13,14 have demonstrated that individuals with ASD may respond to the psychophysical properties rather than the eye contact defined by the facial configuration ( Figure I). In addition, recent neuroimaging studies with infants at high risk for developing ASD also demonstrated a relative lack of an increased neurophysiological response to eye contact 70 .…”

Section: Box 4: Atypical Eye Contact In Individuals With Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure I. The eye contact stimuli used in our previous experiments 13,14 . Children were asked to detect a face with particular gaze direction, which was presented among the distracter faces with different gaze directions.…”

Section: Box 4: Atypical Eye Contact In Individuals With Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development

Senju

Johnson

2009

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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The "eye contact effect" is the phenomenon that perceived eye contact with another human face modulates certain aspects of the concurrent and/or immediately following cognitive processing. In addition, functional imaging studies in adults have revealed that eye contact can modulate activity in structures in the social brain network, and developmental studies show evidence for preferential orienting toward, and processing of, faces with direct gaze from early in life. We review different theories of the eye contact effect and advance a 'fast-track modulator' model. Specifically, we hypothesize that perceived eye contact is initially detected by a subcortical route, which then modulates the activation of the social brain as it processes the accompanying detailed sensory information.

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Section: Eye Contact Modulates the Social Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Box 4: Atypical Eye Contact In Individuals With Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development

Senju

Johnson

2009

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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687

674

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“…It therefore seems that the effect is due to the double face, rather than an extra pair of eyes looking at the observer. The absence of any effect of eye direction, contrasting with the 60ms per item reported by Senju et al (2005), may be because their participants were explicitly searching for a face that differed in gaze, whereas gaze was irrelevant for our task. Note that the extra time per item for doubled faces in this experiment is 37ms, rather less than the 48ms from experiment 3and 58ms of Experiment 3b and close to the 35ms of experiment 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Thus Senju, Hasegawa and Tojo (2005) found that it took about 60ms per item longer to look through a field of direct gaze faces than a field of averted gaze faces when the target, a face of the opposite gaze type, was absent. To test this explanation, we created doubled faces with averted eyes and ran a new version of the search task.…”

Section: Experiments 3cmentioning

confidence: 98%

The ‘Double Face' Illusion

Hancock

Foster

2012

Perception

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We report three experiments intended to characterise aspects of the 'double' face illusion, formed by replicating the eyes and mouth below the originals. Such doubled faces are disturbing to look at. We find there are wide individual differences in ability to detect that a face has been doubled when presented briefly and masked. These differences appear to relate to perceptual speed, since they correlate with the ability to identify a briefly presented famous face. Doubling has a significant effect on identification, though much less than inversion. In a reaction time study, participants are faster to decide that a face has been doubled as it is rotated away from upright. The final study shows that normal and doubled faces do not pop out from each other, but reveals a processing overhead of 40-60ms per doubled face. We offer some speculations as to the cause of the perceptual effects.

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Attentional Development

Ristic

Enns

2015

Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science

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This chapter documents a seismic shift that has occurred in the field of attentional development over the past decade, both in the content of the empirical data being collected and in the theoretical ideas being used to understand them. We trace the origins of this paradigm shift by first examining the past. Research during the latter half of the 20th century was dominated by the information‐processing framework, which views attention as a localizable, domain‐general, and situationally invariant cognitive faculty, with its primary role in filtering sensory information in the service of task goals. However, during the first decade of the 2000s, researchers began to study how individual, emotional, and social aspects of life influence everyday attention behavior. Mounting evidence from these studies revealed that the classic information‐processing framework could not provide a complete account of attentional development. Thus, at present, attention is becoming viewed as a concept that cannot be isolated from social and emotional aspects of development. With regard to future directions, we outline a dynamic view of attention, in which attention is viewed as a cognitive facility, integrating the demands of “cool” cognition (i.e., the information‐processing capacities) with the “hot” functions spanning temperament, emotion, social communication, individual histories, and cultural context. If this trend continues, attentional development in the next decade will be studied as the outcome of complex interactions between an individual's biology, their life history, and their social environment.

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Does perceived direct gaze boost detection in adults and children with and without autism? The stare-in-the-crowd effect revisited

Cited by 127 publications

References 54 publications

The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development

The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development

The ‘Double Face' Illusion

Attentional Development

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