Does peer victimization predict low self-esteem, or does low self-esteem predict peer victimization? Meta-analyses on longitudinal studies

Abstract

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Peer Victimization in Overweight Adolescents and Its Effect on Their Self-Esteem and Peer Difficulties

“…Secondly, both offline victimization and cybervictimization were negatively related to self-esteem. This is also in line with prior research [18,19]. Thirdly, self-esteem was negatively related to difficulties relating to peers, in the form of shyness and social anxiety.…”

“…In general, how an adolescent is treated by people who are significant to them affects their self-esteem, and this in turn affects how they relate to others in the future. Peer victimization is negatively associated with self-esteem [17][18][19], and self-esteem is negatively correlated with shyness and social anxiety in adolescents [20][21][22][23].…”

Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills

“…Several studies have revealed that self-esteem is related to bullying and cyberbullying. A recent meta-analysis found that peer violence predicted low self-esteem, and that low self-esteem predicted more peer violence [ 33 ]. A literature review performed by Kowalski [ 34 ] concluded that low self-esteem is a risk factor for cybervictimization, and that high self-esteem can be a protective factor against it.…”

Submissive Behavior and Cyber Bullying: A Study on the Mediator Roles of Cyber Victimization and Moral Disengagement

“…The studies showed that submissive behaviors explained 36% of cyber victimization (Peker, Eroğlu & Çitemel, 2012), submissive adolescents had passive, obedient, anxious, sensitive, insecure, and cautious traits (Peker, Eroğlu & Çitemel, 2012), and submissive adolescents became cyber victims by demonstrating passive and obedient behaviors against the aggressive behaviors towards them (Dioguardi & Theodore, 2006). Moreover, it is seen that submissive individuals have lower self-esteem and those with lower self-esteem may ' attract' victimization because they communicate, verbally or non-verbally, that they will not defend themselves, or they may fail to defend themselves when victimized, thus increasing the likelihood of repeated victimization (Van Geel, et al, 2018). In short, it is considered that adolescents with submissive personality traits will be prone to cyber-victimization due to their passive personality.…”