Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Dementia: A Literature Review&#x0D;

Anjum, Ibrar; Fayyaz, Muniba; Abdullah, Wajid; Sohail, Wafa; Ali, Asad

doi:10.7759/cureus.2660

Cited by 58 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Lipid dysregulation is linked to brain metabolic stress, which is a risk factor for the neurodegeneration [2], for this reason, we verified the stress conditions in the brain. By ROS and 1 O 2 assays, we observed high levels of ROS in the brain of HFD mice that were partially counteracted by a diet with pistachios ( Figure 4A,B).…”

Section: Pistachio Reduces Oxidative Stress In the Brain Of Hfd Micementioning

confidence: 77%

“…In the last 50 years, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, including different forms of dementia, is increasing, becoming a social and economic burden. Recent evidence indicates that metabolic dysfunctions may play a key role in the development of neurodegeneration [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that a high-fat diet (HFD) can lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and neurodegenerative diseases [1][2][3][4][5]. A correct lifestyle, combining a healthy diet with regular physical exercise, could prevent metabolic dysfunctions and consequently protect from the related-neurodegenerative disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regular Intake of Pistachio Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of a High Fat-Diet in the Brain of Obese Mice

et al. 2020

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Obesity has been associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunctions. Recent data showed that pistachio consumption is able to prevent and ameliorate dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of pistachio intake in HFD mice. Three groups of mice were fed a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachio (HFD-P) for 16 weeks. Metabolic parameters (oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) were analyzed by using specific assays and biomarkers. The pistachio diet significantly reduced the serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the HFD model. No difference was observed in the index of insulin resistance between HFD and HFD-P. A higher number of fragmented nuclei were found in HFD cerebral cortex compared to STD and HFD-P. A decrease in reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and an increase of superoxide dismutase 2 and heme oxygenase expression were found in the brains of the HFD-P samples compared to HFD. Furthermore, the impaired mitochondrial function found in HFD brain was partially recovered in HFD-P mice. These results suggest that the regular intake of pistachio may be useful in preventing obesity-related neurodegeneration, being able to reduce both metabolic and cellular dysfunctions.The positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on health have been well documented [9,10]. The longevity of one Mediterranean population, over 90 years old without dementia, was attributed to the nutraceutical components of the Mediterranean diet [11]. Functional food has been reported to delay or inhibit neurodegeneration, suggesting their employment as an alternative therapeutic strategy for correlated diseases [12][13][14].Benefits of nut consumption (mainly pistachios, walnuts, and almonds) have been described in studies on both animals and humans [15,16]. Daily nut consumption can improve dysmetabolic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related cardiovascular diseases [17,18]. In particular, Pistacia atlantica oleoresin has been proposed as an agent that protects the body against conditions associated with oxidative stress [19], including memory impairment, in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats [20]. Nevertheless, the potential beneficial impact of nut intake on neurodegenerative disorders, as well as on other cognitive-behavioral deficits, has been poorly explored.Compared to other nuts, pistachios possess a healthier nutritional profile, with low-fat content, high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (13.3 g/100 g) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (24.5 g/100 g), minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium) and vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamins B). Phytochemicals of pistachio show high bioavailability, contributing to the beneficial relationship between pistachio consumption and health-related outcomes [21]. Furthermore, recent data have demonstra...

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Section: Pistachio Reduces Oxidative Stress In the Brain Of Hfd Micementioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regular Intake of Pistachio Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of a High Fat-Diet in the Brain of Obese Mice

et al. 2020

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“…Recently, Huang et al34 performed RNA sequencing analysis of the telencephalon in chronically stressed adult zebrafish and revealed the altered expression of 155 genes, some of which are known to be critical for memory. Although this chronic stress treatment did not include dietary stress, we consider that the HF diet might also produce memory-associated gene expression changes in the telencephalon of zebrafish similar to that in mammals[28][29][30][31][35][36][37] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-fat diet impairs cognitive function of zebrafish

Meguro

Hosoi

Hasumura

2019

Sci Rep

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An unhealthy diet with excessive fat intake has often been claimed to induce not only obesity but also cognitive dysfunction in mammals; however, it is not known whether this is the case in zebrafish. Here, we investigated the effect of excessive fat in the diet on cognitive function and on gene expression in the telencephalon of zebrafish. Cognitive function, as measured by active avoidance test, was impaired by feeding of a high-fat diet compared with a control diet. In RNA sequencing analysis of the telencephalon, 97 genes were identified with a fold change in expression greater than 2 and a p-value less than 0.05 between the two diets. In quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the telencephalon, genes related to neuronal activity, anti-oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier function and amyloid-β degradation were found to be downregulated, whereas genes related to apoptosis and amyloid-β production were found to be upregulated, in the high-fat diet group, which are changes known to occur in mammals fed a high-fat diet. Collectively, these results are similar to those found in mammals, suggesting that zebrafish can serve as a suitable animal model in research into cognitive impairment induced by excessive fat in the diet.According to the World Health Organization, in December 2017 around 50 million people had dementia, and 10 million new cases emerge every year 1 . Dementia is a syndrome-usually of a chronic or progressive nature-in which there is deterioration in cognitive function 1 . Some research has shown a relationship between the development of cognitive impairment and life-style-related risk factors that are shared with other non-communicable diseases 1 . Obesity and unhealthy diet are two risk factors for dementia 1,2 . Excessive fat intake has often been claimed to induce obesity in humans and rodents 3,4 . Although numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the effects of obesity and excessive dietary fat intake on cognitive function in rodents [5][6][7] , no such studies have been conducted in zebrafish (Danio rerio).The organs and tissues of zebrafish are similar in terms of structure and function to those of humans. In addition, these fish are amenable to genetic manipulation, breed readily in captivity, and can be inexpensively maintained, making them a useful model organism for investigating many human pathological conditions 8 . Several reports suggest that zebrafish are a suitable model organism for examining the mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism leading to obesity. For example, overexpression of the endogenous melanocortin antagonist agouti-related protein or the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt1 results in the development of adiposity in zebrafish 9,10 . Overfeeding and a high-fat (HF) diet induce body fat accumulation in zebrafish through pathophysiological pathways common with those underlying mammalian obesity; furthermore, green tea extract and fish oil, which have well-known anti-obesity activities, can cancel out these effects. Thus, zebrafish are a useful model of human...

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“…To put this in perspective, the average human has a total of 5 l of blood. More fat translates into less blood supply for the brain, causing ischemia [23]. In addition, obesity entails a higher concentration of adipokines (fat cells from cytokines).…”

Section: Obesity and Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Biomarkers in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias

Juárez‐Cedillo¹,

Drier-Jonas²

2019

Advances in Dementia Research

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Metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes several components which, individually and together, are steadily increasing in prevalence worldwide. These include obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. On the other hand, Alzheimer's disease, one of the family of dementias, is considered a disease of the elderly, whose numbers are also increasing. However, it has been found that the presence of the components of metabolic syndrome in earlier life, especially middle age, increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease, although it has recently been suggested that these components may begin the progression to dementia as early as adolescence. The full pathophysiology of Alzheimer's and the mechanisms by which metabolic syndrome affects it are not fully understood to date. The present chapter examines the association between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease and the association between the components of metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's. The authors also represent the genetic involvement in this association, since various genes have been found to be common to both disorders.

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Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Dementia: A Literature Review

Cited by 58 publications

References 29 publications

Regular Intake of Pistachio Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of a High Fat-Diet in the Brain of Obese Mice

Regular Intake of Pistachio Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of a High Fat-Diet in the Brain of Obese Mice

High-fat diet impairs cognitive function of zebrafish

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Biomarkers in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias

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