Does milk prevent or promote inflammation? Insights from in vitro assays

Anti-inflammatory activity of plant sterols in a co-culture model of intestinal inflammation: focus on food-matrix effect

“…Additionally, an in vitro study observed an increase in IL-6 (238%), IL-8 (115%), and TNF-α (205%) production by Caco-2 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages (115–308%) after treatment with digested UHT cow milk obtained with INFOGEST digestion method. 35 This pro-inflammatory effect was also observed with digested raw milk, which increase in RAW264.7 macrophages the production of TNF-α (150%) and IL-6 (321%). The authors suggested that the pro-inflammatory effects of milk are associated with the action of milk proteins and the products of the Maillard reaction.…”