Does Male International Migration Effects the Families Left behind Evidence from Gujrat Pakistan

Abstract

Migration has been a courageous expression of the individual's will to overcome adversity and to live a better life. Today, globalization, together with advances in communications and transportation, has greatly increased the number of people who have the desire and the capacity to move to other places. The evidence shows that due to flow of remittances the economic status of the families but on the other hand it also has a profound impact on families left behind. They have to face many problems. In this study, an effort has been made to understand the possible impact of migration on families left behind. This study was carried out in District Gujrat of Punjab Pakistan. Purposed sampling technique has been used to select the sample. The findings of the study suggest that male migration has a profound impact on families left behind especially on their spouse and children.

Women Left Behind: Migration, Agency, and the Pakistani Woman

“…This is seen in cases from Egypt (Elbdawy and Roushdy 2009; Hoodfar 1996) and India (Desai and Banerji 2008). Iqbal, Iqbal, and Momzi (2014) note that in Pakistan, where another male is not available to take over after the departure of the migrant husband, a male guardian (or mahram ) with whom marriage or intercourse is not allowed in Islam (usually a relative in the extended family network) is adopted into the family to compensate for the male absence. Such restructuring maintains the status quo of men’s power in the household and preserves gender patterns and ideologies (Elbdawy and Roushdy 2009; Hoodfar 1996).…”

Migrant wives: dynamics of the empowerment process

“…A growing body of research on male migration and its impact on their wives who remained behind reports that women of migrant families enjoy higher autonomy, independence, decision-making power and freedom (Cohen, Rodriguez, & Margaret, 2008;Hadi, 2001;Howell, 2002;Iqbal, Idrees, & Mohyuddin, 2014;McEvoy, Petrzelka, Radel, & Schmook, 2012;Pedraza, 1991;Pessar & Mahler, 2003). Drawing on experiences in the Philippines, Asis reports that migration influences families in numerous ways: upward social mobility; spending on food, housing and education; change in the forms and functions of families with the departure of some family members; and headship, parenting and care-giving patterns become more varied in migrant communities (Asis, 1995(Asis, , 2003.…”

Migrasi Orang Tua Dan Kognitif Anak: Analisis Data Ifls 2007 Dan 2014

“…Migrasi dapat memengaruhi pembangunan modal manusia pada anak melalui beberapa jalur seperti melalui remitansi, intra bargaining household, family disruptive effect, informasi dan persepsi atau value akan pendidikan, dan ketidakhadiran orang tua. Remitansi dari migrasi, khususnya migrasi orang tua, dapat memiliki pengaruh positif dalam meningkatkan modal manusia terkait pendidikan anak (Antman, 2012;Catrinescu, dkk., 2011;Hu, 2013;Iqbal, Iqbal, & Mozmi, 2014;Kandel & Kao, 2001;Morooka & Liang, 2009;Nobles, 2011). Namun beberapa studi lain menemukan bahwa terdapat trade-off antara peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga melalui remitansi dengan ketidakhadiran salah satu anggota rumah tangga akibat migrasi dan menunjukkan hubungan negatif terhadap pendidikan anak baik pencapaian pendidikan maupun performa atau output pendidikan (Cuong & Linh, 2016;Lee, 2011;Lu, 2014;Zhao, dkk., 2014;Zhou, dkk., 2014).…”