“…In addition, this study also defined other control variables that may affect the dependent variables. According to the previous research related to the driving mechanisms of cropland abandonment (e.g., Wang et al (2022) [26], Ma et al (2020) [28]), this study defined the control variables as the characteristics of the household head (e.g., gender, age, years of education, village cadre status, multiple occupations, and internet access with mobile phone), the household (i.e., the proportion of children, the proportion of seniors, and access to credit), the agricultural production (i.e., the area of cropland, the number of land blocks, agricultural machinery ownership, transfers of land out, purchase of agricultural production insurance, and participation in a cooperative), and the village characteristics (i.e., the disputes relating to contracted land, location). In addition, dummy variables for the year and provinces were also included in this study.…”