Does it get better? A quasi-cohort analysis of sexual minority wage gaps

Waite, Sean

doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.024

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These differences may bring with them different opportunities or incentives for self-employment. Single and coupled gay men and lesbians are more highly educated than their heterosexual counterparts (Antecol et al 2008;Carpenter 2008;Muller and Arum 2004;Waite 2015;Waite and Denier 2015). Education tends to provide individuals with managerial skills and abilities that increase their propensity for self-employment (Borjas 1986;Borjas and Bronars 1989;Evans and Leighton 1989;Fuchs 1982;Rees and Shah 1986).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This argument has also been advanced in the ethnic enclave literature, specifically that residential concentration of ethnic minorities provides a comparable advantage to immigrant entrepreneurs who have knowledge of language, culture, and unique tastes and preferences of the immigrant community (Ley 2006;Sanders and Nee 1996;Wilson and Portes 1980). Lesbians, on the other hand, earn more than heterosexual women (Antecol et al 2008;Baumle 2009;Carpenter 2008;Mueller 2014;Waite 2015;Waite and Denier 2015, etc.). After controlling for observed human capital and demographic characteristics, these studies typically interpret this wage advantage as statistical discrimination (Arrow 1973;Phelps 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The biggest limitation when studying the labor market experiences of nonheterosexuals is the dearth of data including information on sexual orientation, type of employment, earnings, and labor market experiences. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, it has become common practice for researchers to use census data and infer sexual orientation from the relationship status between adult persons in the household (Antecol et al ; Baumle ; Denier and Waite ; Klawitter ; Waite ; Waite and Denier , etc.). Although information on singles is lost from this approach, census data provides a very large sample of cohabiting same‐ and opposite‐sex respondents, as well as relatively high‐quality employment variables.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With few exceptions, research finds that gay men earn less than heterosexual men in wage employment (Antecol et al 2008;Arabsheibani et al 2004Arabsheibani et al , 2005Berg and Lien 2002;Black et al 2003;Blandford 2003;Carpenter 2008;Waite 2015;Waite and Denier 2015, etc.). 1 Audit studies also find that gay men are less likely to receive interview callbacks when sexual orientation is signaled on a resume (Adam 1981;Ahmed, Andersson, and Hammarstedt 2013;Tilcsik 2011;Weichselbaumer 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sexual minorities also differ from heterosexuals in their accumulation of human capital, work activities, and household specialization, all of which may affect their decision to be self-employed. For example, gay men and lesbians are more highly educated than heterosexuals (Antecol et al 2008;Carpenter 2008;Waite 2015;Waite and Denier 2015), are more likely to work in gender-atypical occupations (Antecol et al 2008;Ueno, Roach, and Peña-Talamantes 2013b;Waite and Denier 2015), and have a more egalitarian division of labor within the household (Goldberg, Smith, and Perry-Jenkins 2012;Kurdek 2007). Differences in these characteristics may affect sexual minority self-employment rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐Employment among Same‐Sex and Opposite‐Sex Couples in Canada

Waite

Denier

2016

Canadian Review of Sociology

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This study presents novel evidence on the relationship between sexual orientation and self-employment. Using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census of Canada and the 2011 Canadian National Household Survey, we explore the propensity for self-employment among same- and opposite-sex couples. We examine the demographic, human capital, and family characteristics of coupled gay men and lesbians relative to their coupled heterosexual counterparts to offer potential mechanisms generating differences in rates of self-employment. Our analysis further considers occupational variability in the likelihood of self-employment. We find that gay men are less likely and lesbians more likely than heterosexuals to be self-employed; however, there is significant variation across occupations. Gay men are more likely to be self-employed in arts and culture, sales and service, and natural and applied sciences, but less likely in business, finance, and health-related occupations. Lesbians are much more likely to be self-employed in health-related occupations, natural and applied sciences, and arts and culture. Marriage and having children are significant predictors of self-employment for coupled heterosexual women but not lesbians. Cette étude présente des évidences empiriques concernant la relation entre l'orientation sexuelle et le travail indépendant. Utilisant des données provenant du Recensement du Canada de 2001 et de 2006, ainsi que l'Enquête nationale auprès des ménages (ENM) de 2011, nous explorons la tendance du travail indépendant parmi les couples de même sexe et ceux de sexe opposé. Ainsi, nous examinons les caractéristiques démographiques, du capital humain et familiales des couples gais et lesbiens par rapport à leurs homologues hétérosexuels, afin de démontrer une corrélation entre l'orientation sexuelle et la probabilité d'être travailleur indépendant - une causation qui nous semble évident et que nous analysons plus en profondeur. Nous concluons d'ailleurs que les hommes gais sont moins probables - et les lesbiennes plus probables - d'être travailleurs indépendants que les hétérosexuels. Cependant, il existe des variantes significatives entre les différentes occupations. Les hommes homosexuels tendent plutôt à être travailleurs indépendants dans les domaines des arts et de la culture, la vente et les services, ainsi que les sciences pures et les sciences naturelles. Par contre, ils le sont moins dans les domaines des affaires, de la finance et des domaines reliés à la santé. De leur côté, les femmes homosexuelles tendent plutôt à être travailleuses indépendantes dans les domaines reliés à la santé, aux sciences pures et aux sciences naturelles, ainsi qu'aux arts et la culture. Finalement, le fait d'être marié et d'avoir des enfants sont des indicateurs significatifs du travail indépendant pour les femmes en couples hétérosexuels, mais pas pour les lesbiennes.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐Employment among Same‐Sex and Opposite‐Sex Couples in Canada

Waite

Denier

2016

Canadian Review of Sociology

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Career Development of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals

LYONS,

PRINCE,

BRENNER

2020

Career Development and Counseling

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“…full of opportunities, but not for everyone”: A narrative inquiry into mechanisms of labor market inequity among precariously employed gay, bisexual, and queer men

Kinitz,

Ross,

MacEachen

et al. 2024

American J Industrial Med

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BackgroundThis study brings lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (trans), and queer (LGBTQ+) populations into scholarly discourse related to precarious employment through a political economy of queer struggle.MethodsDrawing on narrative inquiry, 20 gay, bisexual, and queer men shared stories of precarious employment that were analyzed using Polkinghorne's narrative analysis.ResultsResults tell an overarching narrative in three parts that follow the trajectory of participants' early life experiences, entering the labor market and being precariously employed. Part 1: Devaluation of LGBTQ+ identities and adverse life experiences impacted participants' abilities to plan their careers and complete postsecondary education. Part 2: Participants experienced restricted opportunities due to safety concerns and learned to navigate white, cis, straight, Canadian ideals that are valued in the labor market. Part 3: Participants were without protections to respond to hostile treatment for fear of losing their employment.ConclusionsThese stories of precarious employment illustrate unique ways that LGBTQ+ people might be particularly susceptible to exploitative labor markets.

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Does it get better? A quasi-cohort analysis of sexual minority wage gaps

Cited by 22 publications

References 45 publications

Self‐Employment among Same‐Sex and Opposite‐Sex Couples in Canada

Self‐Employment among Same‐Sex and Opposite‐Sex Couples in Canada

Career Development of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals

“…full of opportunities, but not for everyone”: A narrative inquiry into mechanisms of labor market inequity among precariously employed gay, bisexual, and queer men

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