Does intermediate spreading-rate oceanic crust result from episodic transition between magmatic and magma-dominated, faulting-enhanced spreading?—The Costa Rica Rift example

Abstract

Ocean-bottom seismograph and multichannel streamer wide-angle seismic data are jointly analysed and compared with reflection images, bathymetric maps and potential field data, to reveal the detailed structure of layer 2 of the oceanic crust formed at the intermediate spreading Costa Rica Rift (CRR). Separate modelling of each wide-angle dataset independently reveals a gradual increase in P-wave velocity with distance (hence crustal age) from the ridge axis, with a model derived from their joint inversion, in turn, displaying a pattern of shorterwavelength structural complexity in addition to a background flow-line trend. Normalising against a ridgelocated reference velocity-depth model reveals that, off-axis, velocity perturbations are correlated with trends in basement roughness and uplift; regions of rougher and uplifted basement correlate with slower layer 2 velocity, <0.5 km s-1 faster than at the ridge axis, and thinner sediment cover, while smoother basement and locations where sediment cover forms a continuous seal over the oceanic basement, are mirrored by regions of relatively higher velocity, 1.0-1.4 km s-1 faster than at the CRR. These velocity variations are interpreted to reflect periodic changes in the degree of magma supply to the ridge axis. Using a combination of global and shipboard magnetic data, we derive a spreading history model for the CRR which shows that, for the past 5 Ma, spreading has been asymmetric. Comparing the seismic model structure with variations in full spreading rate over this period, reveals a correlation between periods of slower spreading and slower layer 2 velocity, basement roughness and uplift, and faster spreading, higher velocity and smoother basement structure. Zones of slower velocity also correlate with lows in the residual mantle Bouguer anomaly, interpreted as most likely reflecting corresponding regions of lower density in the lower crust or upper lithospheric mantle. Using ODP borehole 504B as ground-truth, we show that periods of faster spreading are associated with phases of magmatic accretion, interspersed by phases of increased asymmetric tectonic extension that likely facilitates fluid flow to the deeper crust and results in metamorphic alteration, manifest as the modelled density anomalies. Overall, our study shows that the mode of CRR crustal formation is sensitive to relatively small changes in full spreading rate within the range of 50-72 mm yr-1 , that tips the balance between magmatic and magmadominated crustal formation and/or tectonic stretching, as characterised by significant variation in the fabric and physical properties of layer 2. We further hypothesise that this inherited structure has a direct influence on the subsequent evolution of the crust through secondary alteration. We conclude that descriptive phrases like 'ocean crust formed at an intermediate-spreading rate' should no longer be used to describe an actual crustal formation process or resulting crustal structure as, over the full range of intermediate spreading rates, a fine tipping...

Magmatic and tectonic segmentation of the intermediate-spreading Costa Rica Rift—a fine balance between magma supply rate, faulting and hydrothermal circulation

“…As the crust ages, seismic velocity increases due to cooling, hydrothermal alteration (Houtz & Ewing, 1976;Christensen, 1979;Carlson, 1998), and the infilling of bulk porosity (Christensen, 1978;Vera et al, 1990;Christeson et al, 2007). Typically, for crust younger than ~0.5 Ma, layer 2A has a velocity of between 3.0-3.2 km s -1 (Christeson et al, 2012), while the top of layer 2B is more variable within the range ~4.3-4.9 km s -1 (Newman et al, 2011;Christeson et al, 2012), with values increasing to 4.0-4.5 km s -1 and ~5.1-5.4 km s -1 respectively by ~5 Ma post-formation (Wilson et al, 2019).…”

“…Spreading has been ongoing for 11 Myr (Londale & Klitgord, 1978), and is presently occurring asymmetrically at an intermediate half-spreading rate of 30 mm yr -1 for the north flank (the Cocos Plate) and 36 mm yr -1 for the south (the Nazca Plate; Wilson & Hey, 1995). Magnetic anomaly modelling demonstrates that significant variation in the spreading rate and degree of asymmetry has also occurred since spreading initiated (Wilson & Hey, 1995;Wilson et al, 2019).…”

“…In particular, the collision of the Cocos and Carnegie aseismic ridges with Central and South America (Fig. 1a), which began between 1-2 Ma (Lonsdale & Klitgord, 1978;Gutscher et al, 1999;Meschede & Barckhausen, 2001), led to the suppression, impediment or slowing of northward and eastward plate motion, as recorded by the corresponding variation in spreading rate (Wilson & Hey, 1995;Wilson et al, 2019).…”

“…The structure of the crust formed at mid-ocean ridges is related to spreading rate, reflecting not only the thermal regime but also the volume and continuity of magma supply (Lin & Phipps Morgan, 1992;Phipps Morgan & Chen, 1993;Small, 1998;Liu & Buck, 2018;Wilson et al, 2019). At intermediate spreading ridges, periodic fluctuations in magma supply also influence ridge axis morphology (e.g.…”

“…& Chen, 1993;Canales et al, 2005;White et al, 2008), and control the dominant style of spreading at any time. As a result, crustal formation at intermediate spreading rates is thought to occur in a 'finely balanced' state between the two end-members of magmatic accretion and tectonic spreading, where changes of <3-5 mm yr -1 in the spreading rate may tip the balance between the two end members (Wilson et al, 2019).…”