“…Both voles and grouse are known to be negatively influenced by high levels of chemical defence compounds in their food plants (see Seldal, Andersen & Högstedt 1994, Guglielmo, Karasov & Jakubas 1996, Hewitt & Kirkpatrick 1997). Currently, our knowledge of chemical defence in plants is, however, limited, and in several studies no relationship between the secondary plant compounds selected for analysis and vole or grouse numbers have been found (Jonasson, Bryant, Chapin & Andersson 1986, Lindroth & Batzli 1986, Laine & Henttonen 1987, Oksanen, Oksanen, Lukkari & Sirén 1987, Sinclair, Krebs, Smith & Boutin 1988, Hanssen, Pedersen & Lundh 1991). As long as we do not know whether mast seeding influence the digestibility or nutrient value of the plants, the causal relationship between bilberry masting and vole or grouse numbers remains unknown.…”