“…Corruption is a global problem that impacts all sorts of economies and enterprises, resulting in substantial negative results for companies, banking systems, or capital markets, as well as for the economy as a whole. There is evidence that corruption hinders economic development by having a negative impact on investment (Ghalwash, 2014;Mauro, 1995;Wang et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2023b), innovation (Bukari and Anaman, 2021;Dokas et al, 2023;Goedhuys et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2022), performance of the company (Blagojevic and Damijan, 2013;Sahakyan and Stiegert, 2012) and economic development (Aidt, 2009;Blackburn and Powell, 2011;Djankov et al, 2002;Dreher and Schneider, 2010;Ghalwash, 2014;Hoinaru et al, 2020;Klitgaard, 1988;Shleifer and Vishny, 1993). According to other research, however, corruption either raises corporate profitability for privately owned businesses (Ferris et al, 2021) or briefly boosts gross domestic product (GDP), (Ondo, 2017;Qureshi et al, 2021;Saha and Gounder, 2013;Wang et al, 2022), especially in developing countries, while eventually reducing it on long run (Liu et al, 2023).…”