Does initial breastfeeding lead to lower blood cholesterol in adult life? A quantitative review of the evidence

Owen, Christopher G.; Whincup, Peter H.; Kaye, Samantha J.; Martin, Richard M; Smith, George Davey; Cook, Derek G; Bergström, Erik; Black, Stephanie; Wadsworth, Michael; Fall, Caroline; Freudenheim, Jo L.; Nie, Jing; Huxley, Rachel R.; Kolaček, Sanja; Leeson, C. P. M.; Pearce, Mark S.; Raitakari, Olli T.; Lisinen, Irina; Viikari, Jorma; Ravelli, Anita C.J.; Rudnicka, Alicja R.; Strachan, David P.; Williams, Sheila

doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.305

Cited by 199 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…From a cardiovascular perspective, the case for breast-feeding, and for making the nutritional content of formula feeds similar to breast milk, rests on a combination of both short-and long-term benefits. Observational studies examining longterm benefits provide strong evidence of reduced blood cholesterol levels (21,22) , raising the possibility that moves to reduce cholesterol levels in early life may not be beneficial for long-term cholesterol metabolism (66)(67)(68) . Those breast-fed have also been shown to have lower risk of diabetes and marginally lower insulin levels in later life, although further studies examining these latter associations with follow-up in adult life are needed (41) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1), it was remarkably consistent between studies including subjects of different ages (from 17 to 64 years) and years of birth (from 1920 to 1975); similar effects were observed for LDL throughout. However, the number of adult studies Pooled mean difference (diamond with 95 % CI) in blood cholesterol between breast-fed and bottle-fed participants, in different age groups (infants aged <1 years, children aged 1-16 years, adults aged >16 years), exclusive and non-exclusive feeders (as defined in the individual studies), from †Owen et al (22) and ‡Owen et al (21) .…”

Section: Breast-feeding V Bottle-feeding and Cholesterolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

2011

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This paper considers the body of observational evidence examining the association of being breast-fed to cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life, and whether any potentially advantageous findings are causal. Early cardiovascular consequences/correlates of breastfeeding, compared to being formula fed, include markedly higher levels of total blood cholesterol, lower levels of pre-prandial blood glucose and insulin and lower levels of adiposity. However, a key issue is whether these early differences at a period of rapid development programme/influence cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life. Evidence of longterm effects of early feeding, largely from observational studies, has shown that those breastfed have lower levels of blood total cholesterol, lower risk of type-2 diabetes and marginally lower levels of adiposity and blood pressure in adult life. There is no strong evidence to suggest effects of early feeding on adult levels of blood glucose, blood insulin and CHD outcomes, although further data are needed. However, the influence of confounding factors, such as maternal body size, maternal smoking and socio-demographic factors, and exclusivity of early feeding on these potentially beneficial associations needs to be considered before inferring any causal effects. Moreover, fewer studies have examined whether duration of exclusive breastfeeding has a graded influence on these risk factors and outcomes; such data would help further in deciding upon causal associations. While strong observational evidence suggests nutritional programming of adult cholesterol levels, associations with other markers of cardiometabolic risk and their consequences in later life need to be confirmed in well-conducted observational and experimental studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Breast-feeding V Bottle-feeding and Cholesterolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

2011

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“…Breast feeding has protective effects against the risk of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes. [99][100][101][102] There is preliminary evidence suggesting that breast feeding may also affect the later expression of NAFLD, protecting the liver from the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. 103 …”

Section: Evidence For Liver Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on liver and long-term metabolic risk

Cianfarani

Agostoni

Bedogni³

et al. 2012

Int J Obes

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Intrauterine growth retardation predisposes toward long-term morbidity from type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To explain this association, the concept of programming was introduced to indicate a process whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical period of development has lasting or lifelong consequences on key endocrine and metabolic pathways. Subtle changes in cell composition of tissues, induced by suboptimal conditions in utero, can influence postnatal physiological functions. There is increasing evidence, suggesting that liver may represent one of the candidate organs targeted by programming, undergoing structural, functional and epigenetic changes following exposure to an unfavorable intrauterine environment. The aim of this review is to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying liver programming that contribute to increase the cardiometabolic risk in subjects with intrauterine growth restriction.

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“…112,113 For older children and adults, a possible impact of breastfeeding on cholesterol levels, body mass index, obesity and type 2 diabetes. 114,115 The benefits of breastfeeding for mothers are well known. Oxytocinstimulated uterus contraction prevents anemia.…”

Section: Benefits Of Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Pregnancy

Kumar

Singh

Sinha

2012

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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Planning of pregnancy and management of chronic hepatitis B virus during pregnancy includes recognition of maternal virological status, assessment of liver disease severity and minimization of risk for mother to infant transmission of infection. Decisions regarding the use of antivirals during pregnancy need to be individualized. Monitoring for infection and immunization in newborns is also important. For mothers on antiviral therapy, breastfeeding is not recommended. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2012;2:366-381) A pproximately 400 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide, 1 and almost half have acquired their infections either through mother to infant transmission or in early childhood, especially in countries where HBV has intermediate to high prevalence.2 In Asia, 8%-10% of the population is chronically infected with HBV, and up to 50% of new cases of hepatitis B infection are due to mother to infant transmission.3 In contrast, the majority of new hepatitis B cases in developed countries are the result of horizontal transmission in adulthood. Before the adoption of standard passive-active immunoprophylaxis treatment, approximately 70%-90% of infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers became chronically infected with HBV. 4 The mother to infant transmission rate was reduced to 5%-10% when infants received appropriate postnatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) and a series of HBV vaccines. However, despite passive-active immunoprophylaxis provided to infants, up to 8%-30% of infants born to highly viremic mothers still become infected with HBV (Figures 1-3). This review will address several issues important to chronic hepatitis B virus infection and pregnancy including effect of pregnancy on chronic HBV infection, effect of chronic HBV infection on pregnancy, mother to infant transmission, safety data on HBV antivirals during pregnancy, management of chronic HBV infection in women who desire pregnancy or become pregnant while taking antivirals. PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDIAThe prevalence of chronic HBV infection varies widely, with rates ranging from 0.1% to 20% in different parts of the world.2 "High" prevalence (HBsAg positivity rates > 8%) regions include the Asia (except Japan), parts of the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Amazon basin. "Intermediate" (2%-7% HBsAg positive) prevalence regions include, the Indian subcontinent, parts of central Asia and the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Europe, as well as parts of South America. "Low" prevalence (<2% HBsAg positive) regions include the United States, Northern Europe, Australia, Japan and the southern part of South America. Overall, 45% of the world population lives in "high" prevalence regions.The HBsAg positivity rate of Hepatitis B in India is different in the different regions of the country. The overall chronic HBsAg positivity rate is often quoted as being 4.7%.5 In India, the prevalence rate of HBsAg...

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Does initial breastfeeding lead to lower blood cholesterol in adult life? A quantitative review of the evidence

Abstract: Initial breastfeeding (particularly when exclusive) may be associated with lower blood cholesterol concentrations in later life. Moves to reduce the cholesterol content of formula feeds below those of breast milk should be treated with caution.

Cited by 199 publications

References 49 publications

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on liver and long-term metabolic risk

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Pregnancy

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